CIVIL WARS
1945-1949 Civil
War
The
Liao-Shen Campaign
The Korean
War
The Vietnam
War
Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil
Wars, White Terror vs
Red Terror, & Resistance Wars:
| 1) World War II, in both the East
and the West, was the result of the inducement of the British, American[, and
French] interest groups and syndicates, as well as the the result of the scheme
by Soviet Russia. First there was the October 1925 Locarno Treaties which, per
Jozef Beck, led to the opinion that "Germany was officially asked to attack the
east, in return for peace in the west." Then in 1931, President Herbert Hoover
gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan
could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China. Thereafter the September 1938 Munich
Agreement. For what? Britain, France and the United States wanted Hitler to
attack the Soviet Union, and wanted Japan to suppress China's nationalist
movement and counter the Soviet Union. In both cases, Stalin out-smarted the
Anglo-American and the French. Hitler attacked westward instead, and signed a
non-aggression pact with Stalin to halve Poland; and Japan attacked Southeast
Asia and Pearl Harbor after China, not the Soviet Union. Half a year before
the Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty of April 1941 and one year ahead of the
Pacific War, Japan already reached a secret deal with the USSR to halve China,
as evidenced by clauses of the Dec 1940 negotiations and treaty between Wang
Ching-wei and Japan. (More available at "Changing
Alliances on International Arena", "Century-long
American hypocrisy towards China", "Anglo-American
& Jewish romance with Japanese", "Joe Stilwell's
Authorization To Assassinate Chiang Kai-shek", and "What
Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911
Revolution".) A rather simple explanation for the ultimate American
intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., Americans' hastily giving Chiang
Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching
a truce since Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing
government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. As Paul Reinsch and
Arthur Young repeatedly said, the United States of America could have done just
a little to help China, but chose to do nothing during WWI other than a
Lansing-Ishii Agreement [which was to acknowledge that Japan had special
interests (in the specified areas of China specified by the secret memorandum)],
chose to do lip-service to Wu Peifu's ROC government while Russians equipped
Feng Yuxiang and Sun Yat-sen's military factions with free guns; chose to do
nothing after making sure China was to stay in the Second World War by merely
granting the currency stabilization loan of 1940; and chose to use the
Lend-Lease coercion to force China into throwing the crack troops at northern
Burma just prior to the Japanese Ichigo Campaign in 1944. 2) Stalin was the evil genius of the 20th century. Stalin, after the 1929 war against Zhang Xueliang over the Chinese-Eastern Railway [which erupted over Russian and Chinese communist agitation in sabotaging Japan's attempt at building five additional railways in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia], quickly divested himself of the railway when Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th, 1931. After initially calling on world communists to militarily defend the Soviet Union from 1931 to 1933, Stalin subsequently designed the united front and popular front in 1935, and in the time period of 1936-1937 successfully lit the fuse of the Sino-Japanese War by means of repeated G.R.U. operations in northern China and Manchuria. To thwart Anglo-American attempts at using Japan against USSR, Stalin hijacked the American government policies by utilizing agents, saboteurs, provocateurs and sympathizers from the Institute of Pacific Relations. "16 out of 17 of the AMERICANS that were involved in creating the U.N. were later identified, in sworn testimony, as secret communist agents." The whole United States government was in fact taken over by the Comintern agents, including: Alger Hiss; Harry Dexter White; Lauchlin Currie; Laurence Duggan; Frank Coe; Solomon Adler; Klaus Fuchs; and Duncan Lee." John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore, i.e., two "Old China Hands" who were repeatedly cited by the Chi-com for substantiation of the cause and success of the Chinese communist revolution, had merely been Soviet Russian and/or Chicom tools. (Most of the Comintern spies of European and American background had been recruited during their stay in China during the turbulent 1920s. Lattimore's belief and orientation should have been shaped during his early years in Peking in 1920s. Fairbank, who had done everything Agnes Smedley had asked him to do other than putting his name on the roster of the G.R.U. (Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation), was a member of the Chinese League for the Protection of Civil Rights in late 1932 and early 1933, and further rafted with Comintern agent Harold Isaacs on the Jehol River in 1934 before the latter switched to the Trotskyite path. Working directly under Lattimore would be two Chicom spies called Chi Chao-ting and Chen Han-sheng who designed America's China policies.) 3) It was the century's misfortune for China to have to see that the Anglo-American interest groups and Russian/Comintern agents colluded with each other in subverting Nationalist China -- the beacon tower for the independence of the Asian countries and people , colonized or semi-colonized by the West, as "...British Ambassador personally suggested to me [Albert Wedemeyer] that a strong unified China would be dangerous to the world and certainly would jeopardize the white man's position immediately in Far East and ultimately throughout the world." No matter it was the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War, or the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, or the 1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War, the aforesaid parties, plus the Chinese communist henchmen, were the ONLY people who wanted Japan to invade China, albeit for different reasons and agenda at different stages and times. In another word, the Japanese never realized that they had been brought up and used as a tool since Matthew Perry's timeframe, first as a tool against Russia in 1904-5 and then used by the Soviets as a tool against China. "When other nations tried to bar ... [Japan] progress or slur ... [Japan] reputation," as commented by Count Hayashi: "America always stood for ... [Japan] ...[America's] Stars heralded to the world the rising of ... [Japan] Sun..." The warships and planes built and used against China in 1931/2 were the products of twenty years of military alliance between Britain and Japan, following the American support of the Japanese ventures against Ryukyu and Taiwan in the late 19th century. 4) There is no truth in Stalin and Truman racing against each other as suggested by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa. While Truman was blindfolded as to the making of the Atomic Bomb, the Russians had been receiving ships of uranium ore throughout the war, which was to make sure that the United States was not to become the nuclear monopoly. Stalin's American proxies already had Truman agree to the terms reached by Roosevelt at Yalta. United States had utterly no preparation for racing its army to Japan or Korea. "It was after US dropped two bombs onto Japan, on Aug 6th & 9th, respectively, that Rusk & Bonesteel, drew up the 38th Parallel on the map as an artificial division line separating the US sphere of influences from the USSR. 5) Japan already explored with the Soviet Russians for surrender. But the Soviets declined it. Otherwise, what's the need to enter Manchuria and Korea? Since the Russians were eager to invade Manchuria & Korea, Japan had to turn around to request with Sweden for relaying a message of surrender. Japan was in self-denial over the prospect of the Russian entry into war. Intelligence already poured into Japan as to the Russian complicity at Yalta. Back on June 9th, 1945, Truman officially told TV Soong (Song Ziwen) that he was to honor the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian friendship agreement no later than July 1st. Chinese were busy repairing the damages. Japan knew about it. Japan sent secret negotiators to Chiang Kai-shek multiple times in July-August of 1945 for peace talks. Looking in hind sight, China, separately, should have struck a partial peace with Japan to ward off the Russians. 6) Though, the Japanese emperor played a trick in surrender. He signed a "truce" order to his army and listing Britain, American and China and etc, but when he made the announcement on radio, he changed China to Chungking [Chongqing] the Chinese interim capital. We know Japanese have a problem with saving face. But the truth is known no matter how the professor wanted to discount the atomic bombs and gave weight to the Russian entry into the war. Professor Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, who skipped the name of China in his book title and ignored the death toll of 1 million Japanese on mainland China, should spend more time researching into the fate of more than half of the 500-600,000 Kwantung Army that had perished in Russian Siberia. (Russians sorted out from Japanese Kwantung Army at least 30,000 Japanese cannons and medical staff and no less than two full Korean-ethnic Divisions for deployment by Chinese communists, not to count the Outer Mongolian Cavalry and 100,000 fully-trained Korean mercenaries sent to China in 1947, with about 60,000-70,000 remnants shipped back to Korea prior to the Korean War of June 1950. According to Kim Il-sun, altogether 250,000 Korean mercenaries took part in the 1945-1950 civil war against the Nationalist Government, with 50-60,000 remnants returning to Korean for the 1950 Korean War.) 7) Stalin and the Russians were behind each step of Mao in making sure that no peace could have a chance from the day of the Japan surrender. Cumulatively, Russians acknowledged in 1970s that they had given the Chinese communists 700,000 guns, with North Korea's arsenals open for free pickup throughout the Chinese civil wars. (On the 1947 anniversary date of the Russian Revolution, Russians already disclosed that they had given Chinese communists massive military aid - which the Americans refused to acknowledge.) At about the same time the Republican Party forced through the China Aid Act in 1948, Stalin officially stamped a loan for the Chinese communists of equivalent amount allocated by the China Aid Act, with no strings attached. Stalin understood that the generation of brave Chinese during first part of 20th century was the flower that China ever had in the whole history of 5000 years, a force that must be destroyed so that the Russian scheme at world domination could succeed. Didn't know the Russian cold-bloodedness? Read into Katyn Murder of 20,000+ Polish officers, and Stalin's plan to shoot 50,000 German officers- which Roosevelt echoed by lessening to 49,500. As this webmaster had elaborated on the battles and campaigns in Civil Wars section, the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950 [using Korean War as a breakpoint rather than PRC's proclaimed date of founding] is the "Last Duel of the Middle Earth" involving millions of fighting-to-death Yellow Men, whose outcome was determined on the battlefields by means of a) military tactics and strategies, b) political conspiracies and plots, c) economic manipulations and sabotage, c) societal disruption and coercion, and d) international alliance and betrayals, never ever the free choice of the Chinese people or the 'Mandate of Heaven' as John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore [and their student-sinologists in American colleges and universities] wanted you to believe in. |
| The brave R.O.C.
soldiers against the armed-to-the-teeth Japanese Army After squandering the 1st tier troops of 1st-20th Shidans and 2nd tier troops of 100-120th Shidans in "yocho" action against China, the Japanese sent the demoralized Shidans to the Pacific War graves, to the extent that by the time Japan surrendered, the Japanese homeland soldiers of 1-2 million new recruits possessed bamboo sticks and spears for defense, while the Soviet/Comintern agents inside of the Japanese government/military, in the name of moving the duel battlefield to the mainland, hoarded large cache of weapons in Manchuria/Korea for free pickup by the Soviets and the Chinese/Koreans. Working as a secretary of Konoye Fumimaro the Japanese prime minister as one of five brain trusts, Stalin's spy Ozaki, likening Japanese prime minister Konoe to Karenski (head of the 1917 transitionary Russian government), wanted to turn Japan into a replay of the Soviet revolution. Do you Japanese know that? |
| |
The brave and victorious National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China chased the remnant communists to the north bank of the Sungari River. | ||
| Americans sold out China in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. In late 1944, Leahy was probing China about the Russian demand for Dairen, Port Arthur and the railways. Roosevelt locked up the secret treaties in his drawer till his death. Both Hurley and Leahy merely knew part of the Roosevelt deals with Stalin. Truman pressured China numerous times regarding signing an agreement with Russians no later than July 1st, 1945. Late 1945, George marshall and the Americans continued to sell out China on the matter of the Russian pillage of Manchuria. Marshall, in spring 1946, flew back to China to stop the Chinese army from moving beyond Sungari. As disclosed by the documents at the George Marshall foundation, George Marshall, possibly the most hideous agent working on behalf of Stalin and the Soviet Union, saved the ass of the Chinese Communists with a threat to withhold the economic aid that was supposedly coming from the U.S. export-import bank, which never materialized. |
| |
| G Marshall, from 1946 to 1948, repeatedly probed numerous Chinese officials and generals as to who could be Chiang's successor. The U.S. Department of State, run by Russian agents, were repeatedly sending out rumors about getting a successor for Chiang. Marshall's hands had the blood of millions of Chinese killed in civil wars. G Marshall, as Wedemeyer said, first armed China and then disarmed China. The U.S. arms embargo continued till the China Aid Act of 1948, and ammunition did not get released till November of 1948. After weapons were shipped out, Acheson and the undercover Russian agents further attempted to order the ships to turn around at Guam and Okinawa. In Oct 1949, Acheson pleaded with the British, where the Cambridge Soviet Spy Ring was at work, for recognition of Communist China, which Britain did on Jan 1st, 1950. After that, Acheson declared the Aleutian curvature, which directly led to the eruption of the Korean War. Korean War and Vietnamese War, invariably, were the extensions of the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950. | ||
At the Potsdam Conference
(July 17-Aug 2 1945), President Truman, without consultation with the Republic
Of China and without respect for the will of the Korean people, offered the
U.S.S.R. the right of occupying Manchuria & Northern Korea in exchange for
the Soviet declaration of war against Japan. Back on June 9th, 1945, Truman officially told Song Ziwen (T V Soong) that
he was to honor the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and
requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian
friendship agreement no later than July 1st. Earlier, in Feb 1945, at the Yalta Conference,
President Roosevelt seemingly underestimated the height of the American military
might and had offered the USSR their former interests in the Chinese Eastern
Railroad as well as the Sakhalin Island. (Roosevlt, who was like working for a
few hours a week, was surrounded by 'eunuch' Harry Hopkins and the Soviet spies
who made the call as to who could get to see Roosevelt.) Ignoring the
hypocrisy-based Hull "ultimatum" of Nov 26th, 1941, Roosevelt signed off to the
Russians, on behalf of China, the lease of Luushun [Port Arthur], the
internationalization of Dalian [Dairen], the Manchurian Railways and the Chinese
"pre-eminent rights". Even earlier, in Nov 1943, U.S. President Roosevelt, prior
to the trip to the Tehran Meeting, claimed
that should he give Stalin what he wanted [i.e., Manchuria, Korea &
Sakhalin], then the USSR would not grab other parts of the world.
Li Ao
cited George Creel in stating that Chiang Kai-shek did not get to know that
China was betrayed by Roosevelt & Churchill till June 1945. 
Song Ziwen
& Wang Shijie were sent to Moscow for repairing the damages. After the
Russians intruded into Manchuria, Chiang Kai-shek agreed to give up Outer
Mongolia on the precondition that a referendum be held by the Mongolian people
and that the USSR guarantee China's territorial integrity as to Manchuria and
withhold support for the CCP. Chiang Kai-shek hence took for granted the Soviet
pledge that the USSR would "render to China moral support and aid in military
supplies and other material resources, such support and aid to be given entirely
to the National Government as the Central Government of China" [page 6, Freda
Utley's The China Story]. To Li Ao's dismay, Historian Xu Zhuoyun praised
Wang Shijie's withstanding the national humiliation. This treaty, per Li Ao, was
a betrayal to 31 May 1924 Sino-Soviet Treaty signed by the Northern
Warlord Government in regards to rescinding the unequal treaties imposed by
Czarist Russia. What the Chinese side did not and does not understand about
the Yalta Betrayal is that two factions of the Anglo-American interest groups,
i.e., the ranks of innate cousins of British colonialists and the ranks of
American doctrinists with advocacy for the "China containment", had joined hands
with the Russian/Comintern agents in subverting China. In another sense, the
invisible hands in the Far Eastern Division of the U.S. State Department had
found an alternative way to advance the agenda of strengthening the Chinese
Communists and weakening the Chinese Nationalists after what Freda Utley called
a "temporary setback" ensuing from the recall of Joseph Stilwell in Nov of 1944.
(More available at Century-long
American hypocrisy towards China, Anglo-American
& Jewish romance with Japanese, and What
Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911
Revolution.)
During WWI, President Wilson, who was in the shoes and
mindset of the British colonialists, believed that the U.S. had to keep China
intact for securing the fate of the white civilization, while during WWII, the
British impressed the Americans with the inverse of the former doctrine to state
that a victorious Republic of China, which was to emerge from WWII, would pose a
threat to the white civilization. President Wilson's China policy was what this
webmaster referred to as the 100-year American hypocrisy. It was pivoted from
the hypocritical nature of America's Open Door Policy for China, which was
originally an idea sold to the Americans by the British career customs' officers
working in Manchu China's customs offices. The reason that China should remain
open to all powers, in the opinion of the U.S. president Thomas Woodrow Wilson,
was that the 'white civilization' and its domination in the world rested largely
on the ability to keep China intact, in the sense that should China fall
completely under the Japanese [or the Tsarist Russian or someone else's]
influence, then the massive Chinese manpower could be utilized like by Genghis
Khan to conquer the world. This was the theme of the Yellow Peril, which was
inverse to what the British ambassador claimed to Albert Wedemeyer during WWII
that a strong and unified China would pose a threat to the Whitemen’s position
in the Far East and immediately throughout the world. So to say that the
nation of China should be managed delicately, that is, should not be allowed to
grow too powerful to pose a threat to the white civilization, nor should it be
allowed to be hijacked by a non-U.S. power since China's immense human labor
could be turned against the white civilization. (During WWII, the Japanese,
who were brought up by the Americans and the British, never realized that they
could at most conquer half of China, not as a whole.)
Videos about China's Resistance War: China's Dunkirk Retreat (in English); 42
Video Series (in Chinese)
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* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien
Conquests in A.D. 1279,
A.D. 1644
& A.D. 1949 *
![At the time [when China fell under the alien rule],](http://imperialchina.org/0442201b51e71777df540167-resized.jpg)
 Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" * |
Around the turn
of 1944-1945, Li Zongren sent two memos to Hurley and Wedemeyer, advising
against the Russian participation in war against Japan. Li Zongren, after
noticing the encirclement of Berlin by the allied troops, had called upon Chiang
Kai-shek and Wedemeyer in devising a plan of setting up a Sino-American training
center in the Philippines for possibly delivering the Chinese troops to southern
Manchuria so as to segregate the Russians from the Chinese Communists. Li
Zongren of course did not know a thing about the Yalta betrayal, nor the truth
that the Soviet agents had hijacked the American government. on Aug 10th, 1945,
Li Zongren was in mixed thoughts when delegations and organizations visited him
in Hanzhong's Military HQ with congratulations on the final victory over Japan.
Li Zongren mentioned that with dozens of millions of casualties, including
millions in his 5th War Zone, China and the Chinese people then entered the
stage of uncertainty. (After the loss of China, Li Zongren blamed Chiang
Kai-shek for not adopting his advice in dispatching miscellaneous provincial
armies to the Japanese-occupied territories: Li Zongren suggested that Huang
Shaohong or some prestigious general of Manchuria nativity be dispatched to
Manchuria; however, Chiang Kai-shek selected a 'Political Studies Clique' leader
called Xiong Shihui for the job. Further, Li Zongren blamed Chen Cheng for
issuing the order in i) having the Japanese troops concentrate onto big cities
or designated sites for surrender & ii) dismissing all puppet troops [as
well as locally-organized anti-Japan resistance forces]: Li Zongren
suggested retaining the Japanese and puppet troops as the policing forces in
various towns and counties to safeguard against the Communist infiltration. - Li
Zongren's viewpoints were partially correct. Nationalist China secured the
Northern China as a result of Xiong Bin's relentless behind-the-enemy-line
instigations against majority generals of the puppet Whang Jingwei government,
to the extent that Sun Liangcheng's puppet troops were shipped to Nanking in
early 1945 after bribing the Japanese occupation commander. The debacle in
Manchuria was more to do with the Russian scheme in splitting up Manchuria as
its spheres of influence, as well as the communist scheme to cause instability
via dismissal of the puppet troops and de-drafting of the government troops
ensuing from collusion between George Marshall and the Chinese Communists.)
Li Zongren unwittingly was used by the Soviet-hijacked U.S.
State Department as the so-called 'democratic' force to replace Chiang
Kai-shek. For the root cause of the loss of China to the blood-thirsty
Soviet proxies, see this webmaster's notes on the "criticisms of Li Zongren's criticisms
of Chiang Kai-shek" for sake of historical clarification. (If you had come
to this website in search of the 'white terror', please look no further than the
'red terror' conducted by Comintern agent Yang Xiufeng who
in 1947/1948 ran the communist People's University to vivisect live R.O.C.
government army captives [including one young Burma battle veteran who walked to
the west from coastal Zhejiang as a teenager during the 1937 China's Dunkirk Retreat and did not
return home to see his mother for next 12 years] .)
| The National Revolutionary Army
(NRA) of the R.O.C. Entering H.K. (left below)
The brave and victorious National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China, the flower China ever had in the whole history of 5,000 years, entered Hong Kong amid the applause from the H.K. Chinese residents who, after a short respite of freedom, were to revert back to living under the British colonialist rule. The cunning British, from 1942 to 1943, repeatedly lobbied with Chiang Kai-shek for sake of retaining the H.K. colony, to the extent of dispatching large embassies to China to extract a deal in having China put aside the H.K. matter till after WWII, and threatening to derail the joint Sino-British and Sino-American proclamations in regards to nullifying the unequal treaties and the "Chinese Exclusion Act", while conspiring with Stalin of the Soviet Union to sell out China through the stipulations of the Yalta Treaty. Further, to delay the H.K. matter further, Britain in 1945 bribed the Republic of China with transfer of dozens of warships while at the same time, the Comintern and Soviet spies in the United States state department and United States treasury department choked the Republic of China by imposing the 1946-1948 arms embargo, including the bullets that R.O.C. had ordered prior to the Japanese surrender, as well as stalling on the post-war rehabilitation loans. | |
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| The National Revolutionary Army
(NRA) Chasing the Communists to North Bank of the Sungari River (right above) The brave and victorious National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China, after routing the communist crack forces of the New 4th Corps and the 8th Route Army at Sipingjie, chased the remnant communists to the north bank of the Sungari River, where Sun Liren left a battalion of soldiers to guard the beachhead for 2.5 years, till late 1948. There were rumors saying that N1C commander Sun Liren liked to go to Harbin but regional commander Du Yuming restrained the action out of jealousy. Wellington Koo's memoirs, however, showed that Du Yuming had a plan to push to Qiqihar, and Chiang Kai-shek was planning to retain the defeated communist army within the border with the Soviet Union but beyond the Qiqihar. George Marshall stopped Chiang Kai-shek from pushing further north on the pretext that the Soviets might intervene. Wellington Koo visited Du Yuming in Changchun, where Du Yuming explained his plan to push the troops to Qiqihar to the northwest and Dairen to the south. At a news conference, Du Yuming said his worry was a ceasefire to be coming from George Marshall, which did come days later. (Li Zongren, in his memoirs, accused Chiang Kai-shek of letting go Lin Biao's communist army because it was Bai Chongxi who proposed to chase the communists to the end. Li Zongren, knowing nothing about George Marshall's trickery, was used by the Chinese Communists and pro-communist Americans as the so-called 'democratic' force to replace Chiang Kai-shek.) Americans sold out China in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. In late 1944, Leahy was probing China about the Russian demand for Dairen, Port Arthur and the railways. Roosevelt locked up the secret treaties in his drawer till his death. Both Hurley and Leahy merely knew part of the Roosevelt deals with Stalin. Truman pressured China numerous times regarding signing an agreement with Russians no later than July 1st, 1945. Late 1945, George marshall and the Americans continued to sell out China on the matter of the Russian pillage of Manchuria. Marshall's treachery then followed. As disclosed by the documents at the George Marshall foundation, George Marshall, possibly the most hideous agent working on behalf of Stalin and the Soviet Union, saved the ass of the Chinese Communists with a threat to withhold the economic aid that was supposedly coming from the U.S. export-import bank, which never materialized. Lin Biao, after rebuilding his army with new supplies from the Soviet-controlled depots in North Korea, mounted the so-called "Three Attacks to the South of Sungari", "Four Campaigns to Linjiang from the Sino-Korean Border", and "Two Sieges of Sipingjie". Scared of the blood-bath from the sieges of Sipingjie, Lin Biao loitered for half year of 1948 between Sipingjie and Jingzhou till 900+ Soviet artillery pieces were shipped over via railway tracks constructed by the Soviet Army Corps. (In 1950, Lin Biao again showed his cowardice in declining the job to go to Korea.) Meanwhile, George Marshall, from 1946 to 1948, repeatedly probed numerous Chinese officials and generals as to who could be Chiang's successor. The U.S. Department of State, run by Russian agents, were repeatedly sending out rumors about getting a succesor for Chiang. Marshall's hands had the blood of millions of Chinese killed in civil wars. G Marshall, as Wedemeyer said, first armed China and then disarmed China. The U.S. arms embargo continued till the China Aid Act of 1948, and ammunition did not get released till Nov of 1948. After weapons were shipped out, Acheson and the undercover Russian agents further attempted to order the ships to turn around at Guam and Okinawa. In Oct 1949, Acheson pleaded with the British, where the Cambridge Soviet Spy Ring was at work, for recognition of Communist China, which Britain did on Jan 1st, 1950. After that, Acheson declared the Aleutian curvature, which direcly led to the eruption of the Korean War. | |
The Soviet Entry Into
Manchuria
Two days after
the U.S. dropped A-bomb onto Japan, i.e., Aug 8th, the USSR declared war on
Japan. The next day, over 1.5 million Russian soldiers poured into Manchuria
from three directions. The Japanese, with 700,000 Kwantung army (actual number
much lower due to relocation of the core Japanese troops to China proper and the
Pacific islands) and 300,000 puppet Manchukuo army, retreated without putting up
a fight. In face of the Russians, the Japanese buried evidence of germ warfare
and poisonous weapons and quickly retreated towards Korea where their guinea pig
and germ experts were offered sanctuary by the American occupation forces.
The Chinese Communist guerrilla remnants, who had been forced by
the Japanese into seeking asylum inside of the USSR, came back wearing the
Russian military uniforms. The Chinese Communist guerrillas in Manchuria, having
no consistent contact with either Ruijin's Chinese Soviet or Yenan and being
always in subordination to Moscow and the Comintern direct from 1932 to 1942,
had apparently ceased hostility against Japan in observance of the April 1941
Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty. Prior to 1943, the Russians had already taken
custody of the remnants of the "Northeast Allied Army For Resisting the Japanese
Invasion" [i.e., the
Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army - the successor of the
Youth-Party-dominated "Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave
Fighters" & the "People's Revolutionary Army Of Northeast China" ensuing
from the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria], including Kim Il Sung, and
re-organized it into the so-called "Russian Field-battle Teaching Brigade".
http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200406/kt2004060817432954140.htm
pointed out that Kim Il-sung, from
1942 onward, then "a Soviet captain and battalion commander, was stationed in
Viatsk where he served in the Soviet 88th Brigade, the personnel of which
consisted of Chinese and Korean guerrillas." At Viatsk, Kim Jong-il, called
Yuri, was born instead of fabricated birthdate and birthplace of Feb. 15, 1942
in a guerrilla camp on Paektu Mountain.
Zhou
Baozhong & Li Zhaolin, i.e., brigade chief and deputy brigade chief
respectively, returned to Manchuria with the Russians via train. A top CCP cadre, Lu
Dongsheng, came back to Manchuria in Sept to assume the post of deputy
commander for the CCP Song-jiang River military district. Kim Il-sung left for
Pyongyang in September.
Back On Aug 14th, 1945, Foreign Minister
Wang Shijie was pressured into signing the "Sino-Soviet Friendship &
Alliance Treaty", a treaty to be rescinded by Taiwan after Eisenhower
requested with the U.S. Congress for rescinding the secret treaties with the
Soviets on Feb 20th, 1953. Originally, the Sino-Soviet agreement called for the
Russian occupation of Manchuria for three months, but later China requested for
a delay of the Russian withdrawal twice, which gave the Russian a pretext for
procrastination till 8 months long.
In Manchuria, the Russians
dismantled 5 billion worth of industrial equipment and shipped back to the USSR.
Li Ao claimed that the USSR had robbed resources and materials equivalent to
over 8 billion U.S. dollars. Freda Utley, endorsing the number of 8 billion,
pointed out that the Russians had pillaged Manchuria after the Republic of China
refused to sign a comprehensive agreement to develop Manchurian mines and
industries jointly. Chinese foreign minister Wang Shijie declined Freda Utley's
suggestion to publicize the Russian demands, incidentally. Li Shenzhi recalled a
massive nationwide protest movement against the USSR in early 1946 over the
Russian [in fact, the Chinese Communists'] killing of Chinese engineer Zhang Xinfu
in Manchuria. Per Gao Wenjun's eyewitness statement, during their eight month
stay, the Russian Red Army soldiers, nicknamed 'lao [old] mao[hairy] zi[son]' or
'da [big] bi [nose] zi [son]', had taken in the stranded Japanese women as
'comfort women' as well as openly raped the Chinese women on the streets, to the
extent that the Chinese women could not escape from the Russians by disguising
as men due to the Russians groping breasts. on Dec 14th, 1945, Communist cadre
Lu Dongsheng, who ordered a Russian soldier to stop robbing him
in the Russian language, was shot to death in the back.
"Time Magazine", at http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0%2C10987%2C934539%2C00.html, reported on the rampage by "Big Noses", as follows:
- Jun. 2, 1947
The Nanking Government, always ready to take a poke at its enemies, the Chinese Communists, is more cautious about provoking the big Communist bear to the north. Last week the bonds of caution snapped.
Before the People's Political Council, advisory body to Chiang Kai-shek's Government, impetuous, energetic Pan Chaoying, director of the influential Catholic Social Welfare newspaper chain in China, let out an anti-Russian blast. Thundered Pan: "According to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, China and Russia should respect each other's sovereignty and territory. But Russia hasn't kept her word. . . .
"Responsible authorities [in Manchuria] say that Soviet pilots and artillerymen have been in action with Chinese Communist troops . . . Russian soldiers of occupation have been guilty of terror and rape—more than can be told. The Manchuria lao pai hsing [common people] told me: 'Everything lao pai hsing won't do, the Russian ta pi tzu [big noses] have done.'
"I urge the Government: 1) to take action for the quick recovery of Dairen and Port Arthur; 2) to petition U.N. for the return of Russian loot from Manchuria; and 3) to declare null & void the Sino-Soviet treaty."
Yeh Shu-tang from Szechwan chimed in: "We must be strong, not weak. If someone offers us a friendly hand, we should clasp it warmly. But if someone slaps us, we should slap back twice."
The watchful Russian Embassy, near Nanking's Drum Tower, heard the hot words and the enthusiastic applause. An Embassy subscriber visited Pan's Social Welfare Daily, asked for five copies of the issue carrying Pan's speech. Asked why he wanted so many, the Russian replied: "Oh, for our public libraries."
(The Russian Red Army soldiers did the same to the German women.)
By the end of 8-month Russian occupation, the
Chinese Communists would absorb 300,000 puppet Manchukuo army and develop into
half million strong force from the original contingent of less than 20,000. Li
Zongren memoirs stated that Xiong Shihui, per Chen Cheng's order, had
dismissed 400,000 Manchukuo puppet army which then turned to the Communist
camp. Wang Tiehan rebutted the popular claim as to the number of 400k by
pointing out that the puppet troops, after the Russians came, had been ordered
to hide in the mountains by the puppet Manchukuo minister, with portion of them
to escape the Communist Military for service under the Nationalist Government.
(Sounds similar to George W Bush's dismissing Saddam's army in May 2003 after
the Iraqi Invasion? You got it.)
Xiong Shihui arrived in Changchun with
about 100 entourage on Oct 2nd, 1945, but he was basically restrained in office
by the Russians who guarded his office. Li Zongren memoirs claimed that Xiong
Shihui dared not even receive the delegates of patriotic people of Manchuria,
which encouraged the Russians in hindering the KMT government from taking over
Manchuria. Per ZZR's citation of the CCP 16 Sept 1945 briefing, Zeng Kelin's
forerunner Communist force developed into 4000 soldiers from four companies in a
matter of one week after arrival at the Shenyang city, and moreover, absorbed
over 10,000 puppet constabulary forces; about 10000-20000 coolies, who were
formerly captives from the Chinese Armies, were organized into guerrilla columns
for entry into the Changchun city; in Shenyang, Zeng Kelin reported that weapon
depots were packed with 100,000 guns and thousands of cannons; and the puppet
Manchukuo forces were in waiting mode for re-organization. Jung Chang's "Wild
Swans" stated that her father, Zhang Shouyu, resorted to the puppet army and
puppet police for staffing and equipping his guerrilla force after yielding
Chaoyang to the Nationalist army on Jan 14th, 1946.
Confrontations
Between the Russians (i.e., the Soviets) and the Nationalist Chinese
Government
Li Zongren memoirs stated that Xiong Shihui had asked the
Russians to delay evacuation twice. Li Zongren said that Xiong Shihui had
dereliction of duty as director for the "Northeast Military Office" because
Xiong Shihui had fully observed the Russian request to stay inside of his office
which was guarded by the Russian patrols all the time: Xiong Shihui dared not
even receive the delegates of patriotic people of Manchuria, which encouraged
the Russians in hindering the Nationalist government from taking over Manchuria.
However, Xiong Shihui should not take the full blame. China had shown its
weak position to the Americans who passed on the signal to Moscow. on April
13th, 1945, the second day after Roosevelt passed away, Gu Weijun reported that
American Navy General Li-hai [Admiral William Leahy] had tested his response in
regards to China's possible reaction to the Russian grabbing Dalian and Luushun
[Port Arthur] ports. Gu Weijun's response was that i) China would seek a
peaceful solution in dealing with the possible Russian takeover of two ports and
ii) the Russians could have better find a non-frozen port inside of Korea.
More available at Russians-in-Manchuria-v0.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm
page for up-to-date updates.)
| * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien
Conquests in A.D. 1279,
A.D. 1644
& A.D. 1949 *
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" * |
The Communist Absorption of Two
Ethnic-Korean Divisions under the Japanese Kwantung Army
In Manchuria,
the Communists forces retained at least two Korean ethnic divisions of the
Japanese Kwantung Army, in addition to hordes of Japanese soldiers, air force
generals and crewmen under Hayashi Yayichiro, artillery soldiers and military
doctors and nurses. Though, tens of thousands of Japanese troops, who were
retained by the communists at Tonghua for special operations, rebelled against
the communist rule in early February of 1946 under the command of Fujita
Sarehiko, ending in the communist massacre of the city of Tonghua which was far
worse than the so-called 1937 Tongzhou Masscare that the Japanese
ultranationalists cited as the cause of deepening of the Sino-Japanese war and
conflicts. It was reported that the Japanese doctor and nurses conducted a
mass-kill of the communist wounded at the hospital of Tonghua during the
rebellion.
During the initial 4-5 campaigns against the Communist
troops, General Sun Liren's army constantly engaged with the Koreans and the
Japanese. Don't forget Sun Liren's herald troops also killed lots of stranded
Russians who were busy rampaging than catching up with the retreating Russian
army.
In 1947, during the peak of the Eastern Manchurian Campaign, the
Russians dispatched another 100,000 Koreans to China to assist with Xiao Hua's
Communist 3rd & 4th "zong dui" as well as the Li-Hongguang [Korean]
Detachment. Meanwhile, the Chinese Communists moved their women and wounded to
Korea for asylum, for which Mao Tse-tung, in 1950, adamantly insisted on sending
the Chinese armies to the Korean War as a show of requital. In Kim Il-sun's
opinions, Mao Tse-tung was obliged to help him out for the hundreds of thousands
of Koreans sent to the Chinese civil war. Kim Il-sun claimed that altogether
250,000 Koreans joined the Chinese Communists in the civil war.
The
Koreans did not die away. They were sorted out in 1950, about 3-4 months ahead
of the eruption of the Korean War. Those who fought in Korea comprised of the
bulk of the Korean troops under the Japanese Kwantung Army, not the Koreans who
fought the guerrilla war against the Japanese under the CCP.
Chiang Kai-shek's Futile Attempt At
Restraining the CCP
On Aug 15th, 1945, at 9:00 am, Chiang Kai-shek made
a 15-minute radio speech about "pardoning the enemies [Japanese]" in Chongqing
of China. on the 16th, Shao Yulin flew back to the Jiulongpo Airport of
Chongqing from a visit to the U.S. Zhang Ling'ao was ordered to pick up Shao
Yulin who was anxious about the Japan surrender matter. The next day, at 9:00,
Zhou Hongtao made a call for Shao to see Chiang Kai-shek. Shao Yulin, i.e., an
expert on the Japan matter like Gao Zongwu & Dong Daoning, was sent to Heh
Yingqin's office in Zhijiang in the name of lieutenant general counselor of the
ROC infantry command center. At Zhijiang, Shao Yulin met with Xiao Yishu &
Leng Xin through Heh Yingqin's introduction. At Shao's suggestion, over 20
officers fluent in Japanese were fetched over from Chongqing. on the 21st,
Japanese deputy tactician-in-general Imai Takai [Jinjing Wufu] flew over to
Zhijiang from Nanking. Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government, in its race
against the Communist for control of China, issued an order that was delivered
on Aug 21st by Xiao Yishu to the Japanese forces, demanding that the Japanese
army should not surrender to anybody else other than the Nationalist government
troops. on the 22nd, the Japanese flew back to Nanking where they still
possessed an army of 70,000. on the 27th, Leng Xin and Shao Yulin flew to
Nanking for talks on taking over Nanking. At the airport, the Japanese disclosed
that Okamura Yasuji could commit suicide at any time. Shao Yulin countered by
saying that this was not a time to talk about suicide. At the meeting, Shao
pointed out that Okamura Yasuji should bear responsibility for doing the good
deeds to pay back crimes against China and the Chinese people rather than
thinking about suicide. Shao relayed Chiang's instructions as to the Japanese
surrendering to the Government troops, only. on Aug 30th & 31st, Shao and
Okamura Yasuji held more talks. In late August of 1945, the Japanese forces in
Tianjin resisted the Communist forces at the request of Heh Yingqin. on Sept
8th, Okamura Yasuji officially signed the surrender paper, and later recalled in
memoirs that it was a magic moment to have surrendered the Japanese army to Heh
Yingqin, i.e., a good friend of his as well as a pro-Japan Chinese official.
Ceremony was held on Sept 9th. Zhang Ling'ao blasted Heh Yingqin for paying back
a bow courtesy when Okamura Yasuji surrendered. (Heh later corrected the popular
accusation by pointing out that the table separating the two was so wide that he
had to lean forward to accept the Japanese surrender paper.) In the diary,
Okamura Yasuji recalled that what Heh Yingqin had displayed was an "Oriental
Virtue".
At this time, China possessed only a company of soldiers under
Liao Yaoxiang, that was ready for deployment in Nanking per ZLA. However,
400000-500000 best trained troops were just returning to southern China from the
mountains of, Vietnam, Burma and Yunnan Prov at the time of the 1945 Japanese
surrender. Chiang Kai-shek was accused by Li Zongren of refusing to allow the
miscellaneous provincial armies to march northward to Northern China and
Manchuria for accepting the Japanese surrender. Li Zongren's accusation could be
wrong as we saw that the communist army, whose commanders flew to various
districts on the Dixie Mission planes, began to attack the government troops
immediately, including the attack on Sun Lianzhong's army which was to take the
surrender in Peking. Sun Lianzhong's army, as was the case with most of the
group armies reorganized in the early 1940s, had been deliberately padded
together, with the group army commander controlling the former
direct-subordinate provincial troops as well as the central government troops.
This deliberate attempt at disrupting the former provincial army chain of
commmand could be a ploy that was recommended to Chiang Kai-shek by the
undercover communist agent working in the military commission. (However, Chiang
Kai-shek did disarm some provincial army, i.e., Du Yuming's surrounding Long
Yun's Yunnan Prov army at Mt Wuhuashan with the Burma expedition army, which
forced Long Yun into resignation of the governorship. Though, Long Yun was
implicated in Stilwell, American and Chinese Communist' conspiracy to overthrow
Chiang Kai-shek's rule in 1944.)
After Chiang Kai-shek, per Li Ao, gave
up the idea of using the Japanese against the Communist as suggested by the
Japanese military commander & rebutted by the U.S. allies, the Nationalist
government had mobilized thousands of ships, equiv to 300,000 tons, for
dispatching well over 2 million Japanese occupation forces and their families to
Japan within ten months (i.e., Nov 1945-July 1946). The Japanese prisoners,
called the "barehanded soldiers", were even allowed to carry some light weapon
for self-protection prior to boarding the ships. In late 1940s, China's 10 local
military courts sentenced a total of 145 Japanese war criminals to death,
including four Taiwanese Japanese war criminals. Okamura Yasuji returned to
Japan with about 259 war criminals via an American ship John Vicks on Jan 30th,
1949. Well over 2000 Japanese war criminals being set free, including all of the
1,000+ war criminals who were handed over to the Chinese Communists by the
Soviets in the 1950s, and set free by the Chinese communists. (Japan occupation
commander-in-chief Okamura Yasuji, renamed the "liaison commander" for the
"Remaining Problem Liaison Center of the Japanese in the China Battlefield",
reached a deal with the Chinese government to get spared the trial of war
crimes. Note that Okamura Yasuji, acquitted on Jan 16th, 1949, was responsible
for i) provoking the Sept 18th 1931 Incident in Manchuria [Mukden Incident] and
ii) orchestrating the 22 Jan 1945 'continental order' for invading Sichuan Prov,
and he later sent in gifts to Chiang Kai-shek for help in petitioning with
MacArthur for the U.S. acquittal of his war crimes. In Oct and Dec 1945, Heh
Yingqin and Chiang Kai-shek had accorded a private meeting with Okamura Yasuji,
respectively. To protect Okamura Yasuji from extradition to the American war
criminal courts, Okamura Yasuji was allowed to stay on in China till Jan 1949,
with a farce trial conducted in Aug 1948. After Li Zongren took over the proxy
president post, Per LK, Tang Enbo secretly released Okamura Yasuji on Jan 26th,
1949, against the noise from the Li Zongren presidency and the communist
propaganda. Later, in 1956, Heh Yingqin paid a visit to Okamura Yasuji while
visiting in Japan, emphasizing his amiability relationship with the Japanese
guy, as shown in the 1933 negotiations of the Tang-Gu Truce Agreement and in the
Nov 1935 invitation for a private dinner in his Nanking home, and Okamura Yasuji
was said to have appreciated Heh Yingqin's 1933 foresight into the CCP's
ascension to power and Japan/China's demise should Japan continue its invasion
agenda.)
After the Japanese surrender on Aug 15th, Mao Tse-tung issued
7 orders to the Communist-controlled forces in the race against the government
for control of China. Zhang Zhenglong pointed out that the CCP Central issued
the order the second day after the Russian entry into Manchuria, and by the 3rd
day, the CCP Central had issued the 7th order. Though, those so-called orders
could be later fabrications. The communist policy to relocate the forces
northward district by district was a decision taken by Liu Shoqi in mao's
absence: the Communist guerrilla forces south of the Yangtze River were to
retreat to Jiangsu Prov, Chen Yi's New Fourth Army was to enter Shandong Prov,
Shandong's Eight Route Army was to enter Hebei Prov, and Hebei's New Fourth Army
was to enter Manchuria. --This northern approach was in fact a myth as it was
Liu Shaoqi who reversed the communist "southern excursion" order in the absence
of Mao who was forced to go to Chungking to talk peace after Stalin sent over a
wire about the support for the Chinese national government in the aftermath of
China's being coerced into signing a Sino-Soviet frienship treaty. As Vladimirov
disclosed, Mao and the communists were shocked by the Japanese surrender and
could not come to senses for days, and even after the Soviets invaded Manchuria,
Mao and the communists were accusing the Soviets of failure to invade Inner
Mongolia, which the Soviets did undertake. Vladimirov further disclosed that Mao
and the communists in mid-August were busy contacting the Japanese military in
Nanking in the attempt of staging an "uprising" to take over Shanghai and
Nanking. After the communists reversed the direction to go north, the communists
were just one step ahead in secretly instructing the Communist guerrillas of
Zhejiang Prov in crossing the Yangtze to the north, including a contingent which
was sent across the Yangtze to the south earlier for the Nanking-Shanghai
"uprising". The Communist guerrillas of Zhejiang, in a hurry, crossed the
Hangzhou Bay by boats before the Government troops could attempt to block the
way, and shocked the innocent peasants by walking through the countryside of
Shanghai for the Yangtze river bank.
Earlier, in mid-1944, Mao
Tse-tung, who had struck a secret agreement with the Japanese, had ordered Wang
Zheng's communist brigade to penetrate to Guangdong Province in the footsteps of
the Japanese Ichigo Campaign. Mao interrupted the Yenan Rectification Movement
by ordering the second-tier commanders, like Pi Dingjun, Wang Shusheng and et
al., to terminate the brainwashing meetings and lead the communist forces into
the Funiushan Mountain to establish an enclave by taking advantage of the
Japanese Ichigo attacks. Communist general Peng Xuefeng, from the Jiangsu-Anhui
border, was ordered to attack the government troops in the wake of the Ichigo
Campaign. It would be in spring 1945, after the government troops repelled the
Japanese campaign against Xixiakou, that the government troops counterattacked
the communist army. The sudden Japanese surrender and the Soviet entry in
Manchuria dramatically altered Mao's southern advance strategy. With the help of
the Soviet-hijacked American agencies in China, the communist generals, riding
on the American planes, flew to various points across North China and Manchuria
to direct the civil wars. (Service, before he was recalled to the U.S. and fired
by Hurley in spring 1945, had purportedly submitted a report to the U.S. command
in China, stating that Chen Yi, a communist N4A general, had told him that the
communists had a contingency plan for Manchuria. The staff at the U.S. military
in China, who were pro-communist, had scraped Service's report, which made
Service unable to prove his 'patriotism' to the loyalty [inquisition] board of
the 1950s. Nonetheless, the communist strategy for Manchuria was not the only
blueprint as Mao was more interested in going south, as he did in the 1944
Ichigo campaign, to pick fights with the national government troops than
anything else.)
The First Shot Of the 1945-1949 Civil War & Peace
Talks
Back in late April,
1945, Mao Tse-tung, at the Communist 7th central committee meeting, pointed out
that the four provinces of Northeast China were very important ... Even if we
[Communists] lost all enclaves, we could still build a solid base for the
Chinese revolution by relying on Northeast China alone..." [Per ZZR's citation
of a Communist internal document at the Memorial Hall of the Liao-Shen
Campaign].
The Communists never stopped its friction warfare with the
Government troops. Hu Zongnan had fought several wars with the Communists in
Henan Prov in April-May 1945. Taking advantage of the Japanese attacks, the
Communist contingents, numbering 30,000, under Pi Dingjun, Wang Shusheng &
Han Jun, attacked Hu Zongnan's forces in Luoyang, Xin'an, Yiyang and Defeng
areas.
More available at CCP-attacks-on-KMT-v0.pdf. (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm
page for up-to-date updates.)
| * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien
Conquests in A.D. 1279,
A.D. 1644
& A.D. 1949 *
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" * |
On Aug 13th, 1945, the Communist party committee
for Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning regions, at a meeting held in Fenglunxian county, made a
decision to dispatch to Manchuria 8 regiments, 1 battalion, and two contingents,
totaling 13,000 men or 2/3rd of the regional force, to be commanded by four
commanders for military sub-districts, four CCP regional secretaries and 2500
cadres. Li Yunchang, i.e., commander-in-chief of the Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning
district, was put in charge of the "Eastward March Work Committee". In late Aug,
14th, troops of the 15th & 16th military sub-districts under Li Yunchang
exited the passes of the Great Wall for Manchuria. Zeng Kelin & Tang Kai,
with the 12th & 18th regiments, the Korean contingent & Lin Fuchang's
contingent, circumvented the Shanhaiguan Pass by exiting the Jiumenkou gate.
After meeting 5 trucks of Russian troops, the Communist forces proposed an
attack at the Japanese guarding the Shanhaiguan Pass. The first echelon,
together with 50 Russian soldiers, fought the Japanese at the Shanhaiguan Pass
and took control of the link. The 16th military district, separately, already
entered Rehe and Manchuria, forcefully taking over Fangezhuang, Haiyang, Liumen
& Shimenzai from the Japanese and puppet Manchukuo forces along the way.
At coastal Huludao, a city about 15 kilometers away from Jinzhou, the
Communist forces successfully drove back the Nationalist Army which had landed
ashore with the help of American transporters. In Benxi city, i.e., the
Japanese-controlled coal mine, Heh Juemin [a KMT colonel captive], Xing Fangyin
[a CCP New Fourth Army deputy regiment chief captive], and Tao Shouchong [a CCP
Shandong District cadre captive] staged an uprising against the Japanese on the
night of Aug 14th; however, with the arrival of Zeng Kelin's Communist forces,
the KMT elements were soon purged and executed. About 50,000 American marines
took charge of controlling the major railways around Peking-Tianjin and the
Shanhaiguan areas.
Li Zongren memoirs stated that the first shot of
the civil war was fired at Fu Zuoyi's troops in Shanxi Province by the Communist
forces. The Communist documents treated the Battle of Handan in Hebei
Province as the first shot. The Chinese Communists, throughout the years of
resistance wars, had attempted to cross the North Yellow River Bend for linking
up with Outer Mongolia and the USSR. The communists, who bought over some
generals from Deng Baoshan's camp, were able to cross the East Yellow River Bend
for opium trafficking and troop manoeuvre; and possibly, the communists were
able to get some limited arms supply from the Soviets in Outer Mongolia through
the ancient Gobi transportation road at Dingyuanyingzi in Ningxia. However,
General Fu Zuoyi, with two corps of his 12th War Zone, had been able to defend
his territories of Inner Mongolia against both the Japanese and the Communists.
Fu Zuoyi, before the 1937 war outbreak, had enjoyed good reputation as a
resisting general: on Nov 24th, 1936, Fu Zuoyi's Suiyuan Prov army sacked Bailingmiao from
the "Inner Mongolia puppet army". Fu Zuoyi retook Wuyuan in
1940 and defended western Suiyuan and Mt Daqingshan against the Japanese
throughout the resistance war. The Battle of Wuyuan, like the Battle of Lanfeng,
should be counted as successful recovery of a city by the Chinese forces,
something that soundly beat the national-anilists' claim that the Chinese
troops, which did not possess artilleries and siege weapons, never ever retook a
city from the Japanese during WWII.
American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy,
Dixie Mission, Stilwell Incident, OSS Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, the
Amerasia Case, & the White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]
The KMT-CCP "Peace Talks"
Chiang Kai-shek, in order to control the Communist expansion, called out to
the CCP for peace talks three times, on Aug 14th, Aug 20th and Aug 23rd. Chiang
exerted pressure on Mao by publishing his peace calls on major newspapers across
China. Li Ao pointed out that Stalin also urged Mao for talk on Aug 22nd by
telegraph. Stalin's scheme was to extract concessions from the ROC as betrayed
by Roosevelt at Yalta, for which Stalin decided to use the Chinese Communists as
chips to bargain with the Republic of China. By promising a purported withdrawal
of military support for the Chinese Communists, Stalin basically extracted from
China what he was promised by Roosevelt. on Aug 23rd, Mao Tse-tung made
arrangement for Liu Shaoqi to act as the interim CCP chairman should Mao have to
go to Chongqing. Liu Shaoqi, together with Zhu De, Zhou Enlai and Peng Dehuai,
were designated vice chair for the CCP Central Military Committee. Mao, who had
replied to have Zhou substitute him for the peace talk, would have to
reluctantly accept the invitation on Aug 24th. on Aug 27th, Mao issued decrees
across the CCP organizations in regards to Liu Shaoqi's acting as chair in his
absence, and the two held talks together for one whole day. on Aug 28th, Mao
Tse-tung, Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei et al., under US Ambassador Hurley and
Zhang Zhizhong's escort and protection and by riding on the American military
plane, flew over to Chongqing for 43-day peace talks with Chiang Kai-shek.
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung held altogether 9 rounds of talks. Li Ao cited
Tang Zong (i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's personal attaché) in stating that Chiang
Kai-shek believed that his invitation of Mao had thwarted the Communists'
original plan for control of 'hua bei', i.e., northern China. The matter of fact
was that the peace talks had aborted Mao and the Chinese Communists' plan for a
so-called "uprising" in the Nanking-Shanghai area by utilizing the puppet troops
which the communists had infiltrated into over the course of the resistance war
years. (Should the communists had actually executed the "uprising", the history
would be rewritten right there.)
In Europe, Lu Keng & Mao Shuqing,
as war correspondents, continued to travel around via military vehicles. The two
visited Florence, Verona, Rome, and the Vatican. Pope, hearing of Japan's
surrender on Aug 10th, would grant a next day "private audience" to the two
reporters as well as Chinese ambassador Xie Shoukang. When Pope expressed
worries about the possible civil war in China, Lu Keng adamantly insisted that
the Chinese people would desire for peace after eight year long disasters. Lu
Keng claimed that Pope's niece later attended the dancing party hosted by Xie
Shoukang. After Rome, the two reporters went on to Belgium where they visited
former foreign minister Lu Zhengxiang who went into a monastery since Jan 14th,
1928 after his Belgian wife passed away on April 16th, 1926.
While in Chongqing, Mao Tse-tung impressed China's bourgeoisie class as someone
embodying China's future, and one such Democratic League member privately
claimed to Mao in saying that Chiang Kai-shek dared to bully his party simply
because they possessed no army of their own. In late Aug of 1945, Mao Tse-tung,
who knew no democracy and politics other than tricks and plots of China's
twenty-four history chronicles, had given to Liu Yazi a poem [timestamped Feb
1936] entitled the "Scenery of Northern China" [i.e., Qin Yuan Chun - Xue: Bei
Guo Feng Guang] that supposedly had captivated the hearts of the democratic
league members. (At the end of the long march, Mao had written another poem
which likened himself to the tyrants in China's history, and Mao instructed his
top agent in Shanghai, i.e., Li Kenong, in purchasing a complete set of Cai
Dongfan's history romance writings.)
On Sept 4th, 1945, Hu Feng, a
follower of Li Dazhao in Peking in early 1920s as well as a member of the JCP in
the 1930s, entered the Chongqing city for a dancing party that was supposed to
be held for Mao Tse-tung. Hu Feng had two brief talks with the monster who would
launch the "Anti-Hu Feng Movement" in early 1950s. Later, Hu Feng also attended
Zhang Zhizhong's banquet for seeing Mao Tse-tung off as well as went to the
Jiulongpo Airport for seeing Mao Tse-tung's flying back to Yenan. (Mao Tse-tung
returned to Yenan on Oct 11th, 1945.)
The Communists declined Chiang
Kai-shek's demands for the "united military command" and the "united
administrative orders", claiming that they were for 'peace' and 'democracy'
while Chiang Kai-shek intended for 'civil war' and 'dictatorship'. Mao Tse-tung
merely agreed to concession of the Communist-controlled areas of Guangdong Prov,
Zhejiang Prov, southern Jiangsu Prov, central Anhui Prov, southern Anhui Prov,
Hunan Prov, Hubei Prov and Henan Province. Militarily, Mao Tse-tung agreed to
compress to 48 and consecutively 43 divisions, so that the Communist forces
would be amounting to 1/6th and consecutively 1/7th the size of 263 government
troops divisions. Chiang Kai-shek stated that they intended to compress the army
to 120 divisions, but the Communists refused to lower to 20 divisions. Mao
Tse-tung, at one time, agreed to contract to 28 divisions instead of 12
divisions [which they possessed on paper only, as we already pierced the myth
that the Communists ever possessed 300,000+ troops at the time of the Japanese
surrender], but later demanded that he maintained 48 divisions and that the
Nationalist Government provide the funding. The CCP accused the government
troops of possessing more officers than soldiers in a division size of 6000 men,
bragging that the Communist soldiers of 1.2 million could be equivalent
to 200 divisions per the government troops' standards. Mao Tse-tung further
demanded that in the CCP-liberated areas, the CCP had the right to recommend
their men for the jobs like provincial governor, county magistrate and city
mayor. (FYI: Mao Tse-tung's claim of 1.2 million Communist
forces was a crap. The Communists did not have a third of it till well after the
Japanese surrender in 1945. The only motive of exaggerating the fake number
would be to claim a non-existent Mandate, i.e., support from the peasants, which
was fallacious since the Jiangxi Soviet of 1930s. The popular claim of
900k regular and 2 million irregular was made up as well.)
Hurley, seeing that the Communists deliberately refused to
concede, threatened to go back to America. Hurley tried to persuade the CCP into
giving up the military control in exchange for assumption of ministry and
provincial posts within the KMT government. Without reaching agreements on the
"united military command" and the "united administrative orders", Chiang
Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung reached a Double Ten Agreement requiring that the KMT
discontinue "xun zheng' (i.e., the KMT supervised administration) and convene a
political consultative meeting for "xian zheng" (i.e., the constitutional
government).
Hurley, during stopover in Moscow back in April 1945, saw
Stalin who misled the U.S. opinion in stating that the CCP were not a true
Communist party (but the "Margarine Communists") and the USSR had no particular
connection with the CCP. on Nov 27th, Hurley, who were already fed up with the
State Department reinstating the pro-communist staff he fired from the American
embassy in Chungking, resigned his posts under attacks by the pro-commie U.S.
statesmen.
George Marshall was sent to China by Truman on Dec 16th, with the
birth of the so-called trilateral truce panels comprising of the CCP, KMT and
U.S. representatives. George Marshall had brought with him the "carrot and
stick", namely, the U.S. would purportedly support China with huge financial aid
should China stop its civil war whereas the U.S. would rescind any aid should
China engage in the civil war. Chiang, wary of George Marshall as a personal
friend of Joe Stilwell, had to submit to the U.S. demands. The first major
concession by Chiang Kai-shek would be to abandon Jehol and the city of Chihfeng
to the Communists after Marshall called on Chiang Kai-shek and Zhou Enlai for a
midnight session on Jan 9th, 1946. Zhou Enlai, who was in the know about the
Chinese communist agents working under CPUSA, at one time commented that
Marshall reminded him of Stilwell. George Marshall, a person who had personally
pushed for the 1946-47 arms embargo against China and imposed three ceasefire
onto the Chinese government [Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946], could
not explain his behavior by merely "naivety". At one time, on Feb 28th, 1946,
Marshall offered to establish a Chinese "West Point" Military Academy for the
Communist forces in exchange for Zhou Enlai's signing an agreement for a united
forces under a coalition government. As Freda Utley's The China Story
[page 14] pointed out, Dean Acheson told the U.S. House Committee on June 19th,
1946 that "the Communist leaders have asked, and George Marshall has agreed,
that integration with the other forces be preceded by a brief period of United
States training [69 American army officers] and by the supply of minimum
quantities of equipment [400 tons]." Judging by Marshall's Sept 1950 testimony
before the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, i.e., pretext that he was
merely observing Truman's instructions and policy without personal entanglement,
Freda Utley called Marshall's mission as either a 'tool' or a 'dupe'.
The
Nationalist Government's Military & Economic Blunders
Gu Zhutong's
troops as well as Wang Yaowu & Tang Enbo's front armies, totaling 300,000,
stayed on for ten months in the Nanking-Shanghai area, facing the Communist New
Fourth Army across the Yangtze, and doing nothing till July 1946. The government
troops, on the other hand, suffered a hit in moral when undergoing the military
shrinkage, with numerous officers and generals staging protests and committing
suicides in Nanking, the nation's capital. Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist
Government had apparently overestimated the capabilities of the Communist troops
whose so-called 'crack' force had in fact embarked on a long distance journey to
Manchuria throughout late 1945. Alternatively speaking, Chiang Kai-shek did not
have the courage to launch a civil war after the eight-year-long devastating
resistance war, albeit issuing a hollow order to the Communist-controlled 18th
Group Army [i.e., the Eighth Route Army] in cease-and-desist as to acceptance of
the Japanese surrender. The "exclusive surrender acceptance" order was just a
copy of McArthur's Supreme Command Center order, which the Communist side had
reason to object to. The Communist routing of Sun Lianzhong's three Corps of
miscellaneous provincial army nature, facilitated by Gao Shuxun's defection, did
not ring a bell on Chiang Kai-shek's mind, not to mention a necessitated
investigation as to why Liu Fei of the Defense Department had ordered the doomed
troops to move through the Communist-dominated Ping-Han Railway in lieu of a
circumvential trip via the Long-Hai and Jin-Pu Railways.
Owing to Xiong
Bin's efforts, the Nationalist Government had begun the process of pacifying the
puppet troops since the spring of 1945. The puppet troops in Manchuria, however,
were not specifically included for the pacification projects. Right after the
sudden surrender of Japan in Aug 1945, the majority of the puppet troops in
Northern and Central China immediately took initiatives in policing and
defending the major provincial cities against the Communist troops, with the end
result that only a few cities like Shijiazhuang and Yantai (Chefoo) fell into
the Communist hands. (The communists took over Kalgan, as a result of Marshall's
pressure on Chiang Kai-shek.) In towns and counties, the "huan-xiang-tuan",
i.e., the gentry-organized brigands, managed to return before the government
troops. In the atmosphere of massive post-war confusion as well as the
government's passivity to sub-provincial towns and counties, the
gentry-organized brigands would be wiped out by the Communist troops in a matter
of months.
the mandatory currency conversion rate
Finance
Minister Song Ziwen's assistant - an undercover Communist (Suzanne Pepper etc,
i.e., John Fairbank's students, only saw the surface of the issue by repeatedly
touting the 'political' factor of Nationalist China's collapse without a slight
regard for Russian and Anglo-American conspiracies against China. Pepper's
perspective could best be seen in her description of the Shen Cong 'Rape'
Incident by American Marine[s]. As Shen Cong, who emigrated to the U.S. under an
alias, had confessed, the Chinese communists staged the 'rape' to fan up the
anti-American protests across the nation.)
Nationalist government
"take-over" officials and officers - two economic blunders,
E.g.,
Peking Steel & Iron Works was ordered to be shut down against Japanese
engineer's objection, which led to two frozen furnaces till after Communist
takeover in 1949.
stagflation and depression
The Race For Control of Manchuria
On Aug 9th,
1945, Mao Tse-tung, who had engaged in over four year long political purge
movements in Yenan, i.e., Rectification
Movement (1942-1945), quickly gave a speech entitled "The Final Battle
Against Japanese". on Aug 10th, Zhu De, Communist commander-in-chief for the
Eight Route Army, issued No. 1 Order, calling on the Eight Route armies, New
Fourth armies, Communist militia, and Communist guerrillas to attack the
Japanese and the puppets and to recover territories. on the 11th, Zhu De issued
Order No. 2, with instructions that Luu Zhengcao attack Cha-ha-er and Re-he from
Shanxi and Suiyuan, that Zhang Xuesi (i.e., Zhang Xueliang's brother) attack
Re-he and Liaoning from Hebei and Cha-ha-e, that Wan Yi attack Liaoning from
Shandong and Hebei, and that Li Yunchang relocate to Liaoning and Jilin from
Re-he and Liaoning. (Note that Luu Zhengcao, Zhang Xuesi and Wan Yi et al., were
all former Manchurian army generals who were undercover communists). Should
Chiang Kai-shek not commit the personal blunder in putting Zhang Xueliang under
house arrest, the CCP would not easily win over former Manchurian militarymen.
Though, Zhang Xueliang recalled that his brother had already fallen into a
Communist prior to the Xi'an Coup. Per ZZR, the CCP Central's 2nd order to
Luu Zhengcao, Zhang Xuesi and Wan Yi, though published on the CCP's "Liberation
Daily" on the 12th, were all fakes to deceive the nation. The internal Communist
order was that Li Yunchang's loyal Communist troops immediately depart for
Manchuria. Wan Yi would not board ship at Huangxian of the Shandong Peninsula
for Manchuria till Sept 24th, 1945.)
On Aug 13th, the Communist
party committee for Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning regions sorted out the following for
Manchuria dispatchment: 8 regiments, 1 battalion, and two contingents, totaling
13,000 men or 2/3rd of the regional force, to be commanded by four commanders
for military sub-district, four CCP regional secretaries and 2500 cadres. The
first echelon, comprising of the 14th, 15th & 16th military sub-districts,
and the second echelon, comprising of the Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning main military
district, exited the Great Wall and entered Rehe and Manchuria in late Aug of
1945. The 16th military sub-district, at the Shanhaiguan Pass [aka the Mountain
& Sea Pass], fought the Japanese who were under order to surrender to the
Allied Army & Nationalist Government Army. Note that on Aug 15th, 1945, the
Japanese emperor already decreed an end of war via radio, agreeing to
unconditional surrender and that the surrender ceremony was held on battleship
Missouri on Sept 2nd. The Communists, per the wording Mao Tse-tung used in his
accusation of Chiang Kai-shek, were merely hastening up for the "peach", i.e.,
the fruits of war victory. Per ZZR, Zeng Kelin & Tang Kai of the 16th
military sub-district of the Ji-Re-Liao [Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning] Military District
arrived in Shenyang, & Benxi in early Sept, while Li Yunchang's troops
arrived in the Shanhaiguan Pass, Jinzhou & Shenyang. The 16th military
sub-district troops, within two months, developed into over 100,000 forces on
basis of the original 13,000 army.
On Sept 7th, Liu Shaoqi ordered that
the Communist cadres in the Hua-zhong [Central China] Bureau sort out staff of
Manchurian origin for Manchuria. on Sept 11th, Liu Shaoqi ordered that the
Communist Shandong Prov Sub-bureau sort out 30,000 people or 12 regiments for
crossing the sea to Manchuria under Xiao Hua's command. (Per ZZR's citation of
the PLA Archive Bureau document, the CCP Central's order was for Shandong to
sort out 4 divisions after the Shandong Sub-bureau reported findings from spies
sent to Manchuria.) In Yenan, top cadres like Zhang Qilong, Cheng Shicai, and Wu
Jinnan, who were originally destined for the New Fourth Army in the south and
guerrilla forces in Guangdong, changed course for Manchuria. on Sept 14th, a rep
of the Russian commander at Changchun [Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (i.e.,
Ma-li-nuo-fu-si-ji)] arrived in Yenan with Zeng Kelin the head of the CCP
contingent dispatched to Manchuria in August 1945. The CCP Central held a whole
night meeting, with a decision to prepare 100 regiments worth of Communist
cadres for Manchuria. on Sept 17th, Liu Shaoqi wired to Mao Tse-tung who was
still in Chongqing, proposing his policy of "pushing northward and defending
southward". Liu Shaoqi proposed that the CCP's New Fourth Army in Zhe-dong,
Su-nan & Wan-nan cross the Yangtze back to the north bank, the CCP's New
Fourth Army in Wan-bei & Su-bei enter Shandong, and 100,000 New Fourth Army
& Eight Route Army in Shandong-Hebei relocate to eastern Hebei Prov and
Manchuria. Alternatively, Liu Shaoqi proposed to have the CCP's New Fourth Army
fill the vacancy of Shandong while the Shandong Communist forces relocate
100,000 men to eastern Hebei Prov and Jehol [Rehe] Prov. Mao Tse-tung, in
subsequent wires, concurred with Liu Shaoqi. Liu Shaoqi officially drafted the
"pushing northward and defending southward" document on the 19th, which was a
reverse of the Communist direction in a matter of 40 days Per ZZR.
Per ZZR, after the
announcement of the Sino-Russian friendship treaty on Aug 26th, 1945, the CCP
Central studied the intricacies and then decided to send a cadre corps to
Manchuria, consisting of 145 people led by Lin Feng. on Oct 1st (?), 300
Communist cadres, including the "Rectification Movement" offenders, walked their
way towards Manchuria. Among them, immediately dispatched to Manchuria would be
about 100 "serious offenders" of the Yenan
Rectification Movement that Chen Gang [aka Liu Zuohu] and Chen Long brought
along on their barefoot trip to Manchuria on Nov 9th, 1945 [??? arrival date or
departure date]. (The remainder of "serious offenders" of the Yenan
Rectification Movement, about hundred, including Wang Shiwei, were
executed on the way of fleeing the government troops' attack in 1947. Another
300-400 captives, deemed "less-than-serious offenders", were freed in 1946 and
re-assigned jobs.)
In Chaoyang, the Communist guerrilla had been
dispatched from Jinzhou city for capturing and executing the Nationalist
government's county leader who opened up the competing office against the
Communist elements the second day after the Russian arrival. Zhang Shouyu took
charge of the county affairs till being ordered to yield the town to the
Nationalist government on Jan 14th, 1946 [i.e., after the Truce [that covered
China proper, not Manchuria - since the Soviets and the Chinese communists
denied activities in Manchuria] took effect on Jan 13th]. After the Nationalist
Army came, Zhang Shouyu went into the guerrilla warfare till the Communists'
victory in the bloody Jinzhou Campaign on Oct 15th, 1948. Certainly, the
Chaoyang town was recovered earlier, i.e., in the spring of 1947, when the
Communists acquired the control over the vast countryside and isolated the
Nationalist armies in three major cities of Jinzhou, Changchun and Shenyang. New
round of the land
reform and eliminating the "class enemies" [i.e., landlords who either
organized the local gentry force or collaborated with the Nationalist army] were
conducted for sake of assuring the peasants that those landlords would not
become "huan-xiang-tuan", i.e., the landlord gentry-organized brigand who
returned to home village for retaliation against the peasants who ate the grains
from the landlords' barn. one such landlord, by the name of Jin Tingquan, was
executed via burning alive at Liujiazi Village in Chaoyang county; however,
large scale over-killing was halted with the advent of the Communist notice in
Feb 1948.
Collusion With the Russian Red Army In Manchuria
On Sept 5th, soldiers from the communist 16th military sub-district,
consisting of the 12th regiment and 2000 men ethnic Korean contingent, arrived
in Shenyang city where they were first forbidden from leaving train by Russian
commander Ka-fu-dong. After CCP cadre Zeng Kelin negotiated with the Russian
three times, the Communist forces were allowed to station in Sujiatun, about 15
kilometers away from Shenyang. While the Communist forces were marching on the
streets of Shenyang with two Russian armored vehicles leading the way, hundreds
of thousands of Chinese citizens, not knowing the KMT-CCP rivalry, swamped onto
the streets to show their welcome. Daunted by the Chinese fervor, the Russian
commander changed order to allow the Communist forces stay at Xiaohe district,
next to the former Manchurian palaces in the center of the city. on the
afternoon of Sept 7th, Col. Gen. A. G. Kravchenko [Ke-la-fu-qin-ke, i.e., the
Russian commander for the 6th Guards Tank Army of the Trans-Baikal Front: Hind
Lake Baikal Flank Army & 6th Tank Group Army) invited the CCP over for a
talk after receiving instructions from Stalin and Molotov. Thereafter, the
Communists set up the "Shenyang Garrison Command Center", with Zeng Kelin as
commander and Tang Kai as commissar. Feng Zhijun, in "Mao Tse-tung & Liu
Shaoqi" (Huangfu International Publishing House, HK, April 1998 Edition),
pointed out that Zeng Kelin's contingent lost contact with the CCP's Yenan
headquarters as a result of low power of the telegraph set.
On Sept
14th, the Russian commander at Changchun, Malinovsky, wished to contact the CCP.
Hence, the Russian dispatched a representative for flying to Yenan together with
Zeng Kelin. The Russian colonel told Zhu De that the Russian Red Army wished
that the CCP forces exit the cities occupied by the Russians and that the CCP
could resolve their internal disputes with the Nationalist government after the
Russian Red Army vacate Manchuria. To appease the Russians, Liu Shaoqi
instructed that the CCP forces evacuate from big cities like Shenyang,
Changchun, Shanhaiguan, Yingkou and Dalian nominally, fake evacuation by leaving
cities noisily and re-entering the cities noiselessly, and uphold a banner other
than the Eighth Route Army.
The CCP, with the absence of Mao
Tse-tung who earlier flew to Chongqing for peace talk with Chiang Kai-shek under
Hurley's personal escort and protection, decided to establish the CCP
Northeastern Bureau, comprising of senior leaders like Peng Zhen, Chen Yun, Lin
Pei, Cheng Zihua, Wu Xiuquan and Ye Jizhuang. CCP leader Liu Shaoqi struck a
deal with the Russian rep in having the CCP forces take over the Jinzhou
prefecture of 14 counties in western Liaoning Prov as well as Rehe Prov from the
Russian custody. The CCP also made a strategy of dispatching reinforcements to
Manchuria. on the night of Sept 15th, Liu Shaoqi also ordered that the CCP
enclaves of Hua-zhong [central China], Shandong, Jin-cha-ji
[Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei], Jin-cha-lu [Shanxi-Chahar-Shandong] surrender officers
from platoon chief to regiment chief, making up a number who would be enough to
command 100 regiments.
With the Russian acquiesce, the CCP second
echelon entered the Shenyang train station on Sept 16th, encountering a welcome
party of 300 Russians. The CCP received Japanese weapons from the Russians,
i.e., about 100,000 guns and thousands of cannons in Shenyang's weapon depots.
on Sept 17th, the CCP Northeastern Bureau commissars flew back to Manchuria with
Zeng Kelin on the same Russian plane. on the 19th, the CCP Northeastern Bureau
stipulated plans for establishing a 'democratic' government at various levels as
well as launching the rent reduction movements in the Manchurian countryside.
Liu Shaoqi ordered a blockade of Zhangjiakou [Kalgan] and Shanhaiguan
for sake of stopping the Government troops from entry into Manchuria. Liu Shaoqi
additionally instructed that 50,000 Communist forces control coastal Manchuria,
from Yingkou to Dalian and Luushun, in the attempt of preventing the Government
troops from amphibious landing along the coast. Liu Shaoqi called for a total
of 150,000 personnel to be relocated to Manchuria as well as 200,000 soldiers to
be recruited inside of Manchuria. In his wire to Mao, Liu stated i) that
Jin-cha-ji [Shanxi-Chahaer-Hebei] and Jin-Sui [Shanxi-Suiyuan] possessed enough
forces against Fu Zuoyi & Ma Zhanshan; ii) that Shandong would dispatch
30000 for clearing eastern Hebei, Rehe and Jinzhou of Liaoning Prov; iii) that
Shandong dispatch another 30000 to Manchuria; iv) that the New Fourth Army in
eastern China district dispatch 80000 to Shandong & eastern Hebei; v) that
the CCP forces in eastern Zhejiang relocate to southern Jiangsu and the CCP
forces in southern Jiangsu and southern Anhui cross the Yangtze, with an aim of
30-35,000 men; vi) that seven divisions in central and southern Anhui Prov could
dispatch 20000 men for avoiding the incoming Nationalist government troops
[Gui-xi occupation forces]; and vii) that Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu
[Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan] encumber the northbound Government troops and
dispatch 30000 for eastern Hebei and Manchuria by Nov. Liu further stated i)
that he had established the CCP Ji-Re-Liao [Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning] Bureau, with Li
Fuchun acting as secretary and Lin Biao acting as commander; ii) that the CCP
Shandong Bureau renamed to the Hua-dong [eastern China] Bureau, with Chen Yi
& Rao Shushi in charge; and iii) that the CCP Hua-zhong [central China]
Bureau be downgraded to sub-bureau to be under the Hua-dong [eastern China]
Bureau. The Hua-dong [eastern China] Bureau would take charge of 5 military
districts. The CCP Hua-zhong [central China] Bureau would be under Zhang
Dingcheng, Deng Zihui and Zeng Shan. on Sept 20th, Liu Shaoqi pressed on the
Shandong Bureau in organizing 200-300,000 men for Manchuria within 2.5 months
and another 50-100,000 men for placement in between Hebei and Manchuria. on Sept
29th, Liu Shaoqi changed order to have the communist Shandong troops cross the
Bohai Sea against American warships' patrolling. Wu Xiuquan was dispatched to
Luushun for negotiations with the Russian Red Army, while Wan Yi, Wu Kehua, Wu
Dapeng and Xiao Hua were ordered to cross sea immediately for logistics. Liu
Shaoqi, after finding out that the Americans had landed in Tianjin, would order
that the Communist forces to cross the sea for Manchuria at nights.
Per
ZZR, the Communists did not disclose the destination of Manchuria but to
regiment level commanders. Along the way to Manchuria, innumerable Communist
soldiers and officers deserted the army. Other than the Communist Ji-dong
[eastern Hebei] district, most of the army were blindfolded till half way or
boarding ships at the coastline. At Linyi of Shandong, Chen Yi assembled company
level officers and relayed a Mao Tse-tung notice that the place they were going
would be a "colorful" world where there were light bulbs, storey houses, gold
and silver but he added that "Chairman Mao did not tell him [Chen Yi] where that
place was". on Sept 25th, Lin Biao & Xiao Jingguang, in a wire to Luo
Ronghuan, emphasized the importance of preventing the 100,000 Shandong Prov
Communist army from desertation. An example of the extent of desertation would
be Zhang Zhenglong's citation of Huang Kecheng's 15 Nov 1945 telegraph in which
Huang disclosed that the 3rd Div of Northern Jiangsu Prov army had retained
about 28,000 soldiers out of the original size of 32500 upon arrival at eastern
Hebei Prov. Zhang Zhenglong cited the CCP Central order of secrecy dated Sept
2nd as another cause, which was to avoid divulsion of the scheme to the
Nationalist government.
On Oct 1st, 300 Communist cadres, including the
"Rectification Movement" offenders, walked their way towards Manchuria. on Oct
7th, Liu Shaoqi ordered that Lin Biao, who was originally dispatched to eastern
Hebei Prov, depart for Manchuria immediately.
Prof Chen
Yongfa produced a photo showing that Lin Biao, wearing a parachute, had flown to
the east to fight the civil wars on board of the American advisers' airplanes.
Mao, from 1942 to 1945, launched a three-year "political study" to route out the
Moscow influences. The first-tier CCP generals, one by one, were recalled to
Yenan for studies, to the extent that they were stuck in Yenan when Japan
surrendered and had to rely on the Americans for flying them out.
Mao
Tse-tung returned to Yenan on Oct 11th. Zhang Zhenglong pointed out that by
early Oct, Xiao Hua, with the administrative staff of the Communist Shandong
Military District, arrived at Andong [Dandong], i.e., the Yalu River mouth; that
Sha Ke's 31st regiment of Ji-zhong [Central Hebei Prov] arrived in Jinzhou; Wan
Yi, with the Northeast Penetration Contingent of about 3500 soldiers, came to
Panshi, Hailong, Dongfeng & Xifeng; and Luu Zhengcao arrived at Shenyang
with a regiment of about 600 soldiers. Further, Per ZZR, by late Oct, Wu Kehua
& Peng Jiaqing, with two regiments of the 6th & 5th Division of the
Communist Shandong Military District, arrived in Yingkou with 8000 soldiers;
Yang Guofu's Shandong 7th Div or 6000 soldiers, arrived at the Shanhaiguan Pass;
Liu Qiren's 6000 soldiers arrived at the Gubeikou Pass; Liu Zhuanlian & Yan
Fusheng's 359th brigade or 3000 soldiers arrived at Benxi & Hushun; Deng
Keming's regiment from Ji-Lu-Yu [Hebei-Shandong-Henan] arrived in Shenyang; Wen
Niansheng's constabulary brigade from Shaan-Gan [Shenxi-Gansu] came to Jinzhou
with 3000 soldiers. The so-called communist crack forces, which did not fight
the Japanese but the government troops during the resistance war, would soon be
spent at the Battle of Sipingjie.
On Oct 30th, at the suggestion of Liu
Shaoqi, the CCP established the "Northeastern People's Autonomous Army", with
Lin Biao conferred the post of commander-in-chief the next day and Luu Zhengcao,
Li Yunchang, Zhou Baozhong and Xiao Jingguang as deputy commanders. Peng Zhen,
Luo Ronghuan and Cheng Zihua acted as the CCP Bureau Commissars. Ten military
districts were set up in Manchuria. Lin Biao, who returned to China from Moscow
on Oct 20th, was recorded to have picked the Communist cadres for Manchuria. The
reason that the Communists had to dispatch a large number of cadres to Manchuria
was that the Manchurian people, who were under 15 years of Japanese colonial
rule, had straightforward longing & loyalty for the Nationalist government
without knowing any Nationalist evil while the Communists had basically perished
under the stringent Japanese crackdown.
Per ZZR, in early Nov, Luo
Ronghuan led 4000 Shandong district army to Andong; and Luo Huasheng led 7500
soldiers from the Shandong 2nd Division to Shenyang. In mid-Nov, Liang Xingchu's
Shandong 1st Div, about 7500 soldiers, came to Jinzhou, and Tian Song's 1000
soldier contingent arrived at Mudanjiang. By mid-late Nov, Huang Kecheng led the
3rd Division of the New Fourth Army, about 32,000 soldiers, to Jinzhou. In late
Nov, Huang Yongsheng, with 3000 teaching brigade soldiers from Yenan, arrived at
Rehe. In early Dec, Luo Shunchu's Shandong 3rd Div, and the police 3rd brigade
from Lu-zhong [central Shandong Prov], about 9000 soldiers, came to Shenyang
& Anshan. 1000 students from Yenan's "Resistance Military & Political
University" and 1000 students from the Yenan Cannons Institute came to southern
Manchuria. Feng Zhijun stated that in total, the CCP possessed 110,000 troops in
Manchuria, comprising of Luo Ronghuan's 60,000 Shandong army and Huang Kecheng's
New Fourth Army 3rd Division of 35,000 army. Zhang Zhenglong estimated the
number at about 107,000. In addition, over 20,000 cadres entered Manchuria.
The KMT-CCP Antagonism, Negotiations &
Confrontations
Elsewhere in the country, the Chinese Communist
forces withdrew from Guangdong Prov with the help of the American Marines. The
Guerilla forces in Zhejiang Prov, which were dispatched across the river for the
scheduled Shanghai-Nanking "uprisings", were ordered to cross the Yangtze for
relocation back to Jiangsu Province. The Communist armies, i.e., the Eight Route
Army & New Fourth Army, relocated northward district by district for sake of
sending the contingents into Manchuria.
In northern
China, the Communist forces mounted several campaigns against the Nationalist
Government's herald forces. The notable success would be the routing of Sun
Lianzhong's army. Back in the summer of 1943, Chiang Kai-shek suddenly relocated
Sun Lianzhong's 31st Corps to south of the Yangtze to be under the 6th War Zone.
Sun Lianzhong, commander of the 2nd group army under the 5th War Zone, was in
charge of the 31st & 68th corps. Li Zongren persuaded Sun Lianzhong into
obeying the relocation order by citing the prospect of "going back to the farm
fields" after the war was to end soon. After the Japanese surrendered in Aug
1945, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that Sun Lianzhong be the chair of Hebei Prov but
prohibited Sun Lianzhong from taking his troops to the north. Sun's 31st Corps
was handed over to Hu Zongnan, while Sun Lianzhong brought Gao Shuxun's troops
to the north along the Ping-Han Railway. The troops subject to Sun Lianzhong's
command included the former Northwestern Army troops, such as Lu Chongyi's 30th
Corps, Ma Fawu's 40th Corps (formerly Pang Bingxun's troops), and Gao Shuxun's
29th Group Army (which included part of formerly Shi Yousan's troops); Li Wen's
group army which was previously subject to Hu Zongnan's command; the 92nd Corps
and 94th Corps from the Sixth Military Zone, commanded by Shangguan Yunxiang and
transported to Tientsin over the seas; and the puppet-turned North China
constabulary army under the command of Menn Zhizhong. Sun Lianzhong's troops of
the Northwestern Army origin would soon be surrounded by the Communist forces.
In October 1945 , the three army corps began to enter the former
communist district of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan, an area the communists
abandoned to the Japanese following Mao Tse-tung's 1941 order to cease all
operations against the Japanese. In late October, the troops intruded into the
Cixian-Handan area, where they faced Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping's communist
army. The communist leaders were just flown over from Yenan by the planes of the
American Dixie Mission. on October 30, Gao Shuxun secretly initiated the mutiny,
defected to the Communists with his 29th Group Army or the New 8th Corps, and
yielded the right of way and the flanks to the communists. on the 31st, Ma
Fawu's 40th Corps, about 20,000 men, was attacked and routed by the communist
army at Qiganzhang, Xinzhuang and Maying (horse camp), north of the Zhanghe
River. Lu Chongyi's army, which was also attacked by the communist army,
suffered heavy casualties and later reverted to Hu Zongnan's command for
reorganization. As recalled by Jin Dianrong, a former exile student ensuing from
the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Sun Lianzhong took the advice of
military zone's chief secretary Xu Huailie to have the troops push north using
the "crawl" tactics, namely, moving slow. Xu Huailie, a nephew of KMT leftist Xu
Qian, was called a Trotskyite by the communists in the 1930s for his association
with estranged communist Zhang Jinren in the organization of the Chahar Allied
Army in 1933. Jin Dianrong blamed the debacle on the communist mole at the
military headquarters in Chungking, specially Liu Fei, for the setup. In Jin
Dianrong’s opinion, the troops could travel by train unimpeded by detouring
along the eastern section of the Long-hai Railway and the Tientsin-Pukow
Railway, which remained largely intact as a result of the undertable wartime
collusion between the Japanese military and the Chinese Communists-controlled
New 4th Army, other than a small segment north of Tai'an, Shandong, that was
sabotaged by the communists after the Japanese surrender.
After Gao
Shuxun defected to the Communists, and the communists destroyed Ma Fawu's army
and mauled Lu Chongyi's army, Sun Lianzhong became a "bald commander" in Peking.
However, Sun Lianzhong, directing the central army lineage troops, still managed
to repel the communist attacks for years, till October 1947 when Luo Lirong's
army was routed by Yang Dezhi's communist army at the Battle of Qingfengdian.
Throughout the years, Sun Lianzhong had retained communist mole Yu Xinqing, a
red priest in Feng Yuxiang's army since the early 1920s, as his counsellor and
politics department director. Additionally, Xie Shiyan, a tactician under Sun
Lianzhong, liaisoned with the communists on the trilateral truce panel in
Peiping (Peking), and was responsible for divulging the Kalgan military campaign
in autumn 1946 and so on.
Guangdong Prov
Anhui Prov
Henan Prov
Pi Dingjun,
Wang Shusheng and Han Jun were ordered to attack Luoyang of Henan Prov for sake
of hindering the Government troops from eastern relocation as well as assisting
Liu Bocheng and Chen Yi's communist forces in campaigns in eastern China. Hu
Zongnan promptly sent the 53rd & 61st Divisions and the 27th Corps to
Luoyang on Aug 25th. on Oct 5th, Hu Zongnan ordered a siege of the Communist
forces in the area south of Mt Songshan. Hu Zongnan's 15th Corps defeated the
Communist forces, and the remnant Communist forces fled southward to Changbu,
Daying and Nanzhao areas.
In northern Henan Prov, Liu Bocheng's
Communist forces, numbering 50,000, attacked Tangyin county on Aug 29th. on Oct
13th, in collaboration with the communist forces under Yang Yong [western
Shandong Prov] and Nie Rongzhen [southern Hebei Prov], Liu Bocheng mounted an
attack at Anyang in the attempt of cutting off the Ping-Han Railroad. on Oct
4th, Hu Zongnan ordered that Sun Dianying's newly-organized 4th Army attack Liu
Bocheng's communist army. on Oct 10th, i.e., the National Day, Hu Zongnan, at
age 50, was conferred the Medal of Resistance War Hero. Hu Zongnan sent the
232nd regiment of the 78th division to Anyang via airlift. After incurring a
casualty of 8000, communist commander Liu Bocheng withdrew the siege of Tangyin
on the 16th.
By Oct 17th, Hu Zongnan's 110th division of the 85th corps
successfully took control of the railway segment between Zhengzhou and Anyang of
Henan Prov by defeating the Communists in Yuanwu, Huoia [?] and Huixian. The
Communist forces under Liu Bocheng stationed in Lucheng and Changzhi of Shanxi
Prov, while Yang Yong's communist force stationed to the north of Qixian and
Tangyin of Henan Prov. on Oct 20th, Hu Zongnan dispatched four prongs against
the Communist forces. on this day, Communist general Lin Biao returned to China
from Moscow. Hu Zongnan, learning that Lin Biao had stayed at the guest house of
the 18th Group Army (i.e., the CCP's Eight Route Army) in Xi'an, drove over for
a two-hour meeting with Lin Biao as a courtesy of the Whampoa 1st Session elder
brother to the 4th Session younger brother. The next day, Hu Zongnan secretly
requested that KMT espionage chief Dai Li fly over to Xi'an from Chongqing for a
meeting with Lin Biao. Hu Zongnan and Dai Li, claiming to be the "martial and
civil dogs" of Chiang Kai-shek, never revealed the contents of their meetings
with Lin Biao. Separately, Hu Zongnan went to Chongqing for a military meeting
on Nov 8th, and attended the military demobilization meeting on the 11th. on Nov
15th, Hu Zongnan requested with Chiang Kai-shek for an inspection trip to the
field for reviving the morale, pointed out that the soldiers would unlikely
desert should the soldiers' food ration not be cut by half, and further
expressed worries over the situation of the 2nd Military District in Shanxi
Province.
Shanxi Prov
The Communist forces managed to grow
to 250,000 in northern Shanxi Prov and 150,000 in southern Shanxi Prov as a
result of Yan Xishan's regionalism approach. When the Japanese surrendered on
Aug 15th, Yan Xishan declined Chiang Kai-shek's offer to dispatch the
Nationalist government Central Army to Shanxi. Nevertheless, Hu Zongnan
dispatched the 167th Division of the 1st Military District to southern Shanxi
Province. Additionally, 16th Corps Chief Cao Rehui went to Taigu for contacting
Yan Xishan in vain. Li Wen, whose 34th Group Army passed through Shanxi Province
for Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, reported to Hu Zongnan on Sept 16th that Yan
Xishan would run out of grains in three months and that at least 5 Central Army
Corps equivalent of troops would be needed to prevent Shanxi from falling into
the fate of a second Jiangxi Soviet.
In Shanxi Province, Yan Xishan
retained the Japanese commander and Japanese army in maintaining security in
Shanxi, and moreover, established a so-called "Asian National Revolutionary
Comrade Society". George Marshall, with the tip from the communists apparently,
paid a special visit to Shanxi to investigate the incident, forcing Yan Xishan
into cutting back on the scale of hirings as to the Japanese troops. When the
Communists later fought the Battle of Taiyuan, part of the Japanese mercenary
army were still among the defenders on behalf of Yan Xishan.
Xu Dixin
and the communist propaganda stated that on Aug 29th, i.e., the second day of
Mao's arrival in Chongqing for the peace talk, Chiang Kai-shek had instructed
Yan Xishan in attacking the CCP's "liberated area" in Shangdang area of Shanxi
Prov. It is certainly not true that Chiang Kai-shek and Yan Xishan would have
any coordination should we examine Yan Xishan's history to derive a conclusion
that whatever actions Yan Xishan took had to do with his regionality policy. Xu
Dixin further said that Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping defeated the two prong
attacks by Yan Xishan's 13 divisions or 38,000 men, and that the CCP destroyed
the bulk of the enemy, about 35000 men, and captured several of Yan Xishan's
generals, including Hu Sanyu and Shi Zebo, and caused Peng Shubin to commit
suicide.
Shandong Prov
Li Yannian's 2nd Corps returned to
Shandong from Wuhu via the Jin-Pu Railway in September 1945. From the sea, Li
Mi's 8th Corps arrived at Qingdao in the footsteps of the American Marines in
early October. While the Nationalist government set the provincial capital at
Ji'nan, the Communist Shandong Military District and provincial government
decided to set their capital and base at Linyi which was once defended by Pang
Bingxun during the 1938 Battle of Taierzhuang. In early September, right after
the Japanese Yizhou Division-conglomerate of the 43rd Army evacuated Linyi for
the provincial capital, Luo Ronghuan's Communist forces descended upon the city.
one regiment of the puppet Shandong constabulary managed to defend against the
Communist onslaught for twenty days till the 40-Chinese-feet citywall was
blasted apart. After the Communist takeover, Xiao Hua & Luo Ronghuan's
Communist Eight Route Armies were called for duty in Manchuria, yielding the
control to Chen Yi, Rao Shushi & Zhang Yunyi's Communist New Fourth Army.
Linyi, i.e., the Communist second Yenan, became a liaison and diplomatic nexus
for the American military advisers and mediators from coastal Qingdao.
In Shandong Prov, the Communists already penetrated the puppet army led
by Hao Pengju [who surrendered to the Japanese in 1941 to be governor of
Huai-hai Prov under Wang Jingwei]. Per ZZR, by 1942, two division chiefs out of
four were undercover Communists. In Jan 1945, the Americans and the Chinese
Communists held a talk in regards to a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars in
exchange for the Communist lease to the Americans of the Lianyungang Harbor.
When the Yalta Agreement stipulated that the USSR was to lease Port Arthur and
Dalian, the Chinese Communists backed off from the offer of Lianyungang to the
U.S. Further, the Communists declined Wedemeyer’s request to facilitate the U.S.
agents' travel to Shandong Prov.
After the Japanese surrender, Hao
Pengju nominally accepted Chiang Kai-shek's conferral of commander of the 6th
Route Army, but secretly reported to Communist general Chen Yi and Lao Shushi.
When the U.S. sent agent John
Birch [Bo-qi] to Shandong, Hao Pengju turned over Chiang Kai-shek's
telegraph to the Communists. The Communist forces intercepted Birch's team, and
later on Aug 25th, murdered him in cold blood.
Before John
Birch [Bo-qi] Incident, the Communists, in May 1945, detained 4 American
agents in Fuping. After Wedemeyer protested against Mao Tse-tung & Zhou
Enlai, the Communists released the team on Sept 8th. Separately, another U.S.
team sent to the Bohai Bay was detained by the Communist forces on Aug 31st,
1945.
The Trilateral Truce Panel & People's Political
Consultative Conference
The Trilateral Truce Panel, comprising of Zhang
Qun (KMT), Zhou Enlai (CCP) and Marshall (U.S.), held its first meeting on Jan
7th, 1946 and issued the First Truce Order on Jan 10th demanding that all
parties stop actions on the midnight of Jan 13th, with an exception that the
Government troops continue to march on to Manchuria for taking over custody of
the land from the Russians. The first major concession by Chiang Kai-shek would
be to abandon Jehol and the city of Chihfeng [Chifeng] to the Communists after
Marshall visited Chiang Kai-shek and then called on Zhou Enlai for a midnight
session on Jan 9th, 1946. By retaining Chifeng of Jehol and Tolun [Duolun] of
Chahar, Zhou Enlai successfully kept open the linkage of the Communists in North
China and Manchuria. Zhou Enlai's excuse for wrestling over Chihfeng was that
the Communist troops were already in control of the city. Later, it was
discovered that no Communist troops were present before the offer. Zhang
Zhenglong, in "Snow White, Blood Red", repeatedly touted the term of the "last
battle" before the midnight of Jan 13th and emphasized that the Nationalist
government troops and CCP troops, in one place of Manchuria, had engaged in the
"last battle" 1-2 days beyond the midnight of Jan 13th. Possibly, the Communist
soldiers and troops in Manchuria had misread the order of the First Truce as
being applied to the entire nation. In deed, there was no "last battle" in
Manchuria since the Communist troops, after Chihfeng, moved into Jining &
Yingkou.
Four trilateral truce panels were dispatched on Jan 14th. In
Peking area, the CCP and Government troops were ordered to pull back by 30
kilometers, respectively. Xu Zhen wrote that once the Government troops pulled
back, the Communist insurgents filled in the vacuum. (The Russians, per original agreement, had promised to
stay in Manchuria for only three months and should begin withdrawal beginning
from the 6th week onward, but they delayed their departure for sake of pillaging
as well as providing cover for the CCP. The pretext to prolong their stay was
exacerbated by the Chinese request for a delay so that the Russians would not
hand over control to the Communists. To create an artificial friendship, Jiang
Jingguo suggested that his stepmother, i.e., Mme Chiang Kai-shek, pay a
solicitude visit: on Jan 22nd, Mme Chiang flew over to Changchun via the
presidential plane piloted by Yi Fuen, and visited the Russians the second day.)
Also on Jan
14th, 1946, under the pressure of Marshall, the Chinese People's Political
Consultative Conference [CPPCC] was held in Nanking, with participants from the
KMT, CCP, Youth Party, Democratic League, and various social activists. The
CPPCC, by the end of Jan, reached five resolutions. Chiang Kai-shek's statement
of observing the CPPCC resolutions was published on the Central Daily Newspaper
on Feb 1st, in which he promised to reorganize the joint government [i.e.,
coalition government] and accused the regional powers and private armies of
being pseudo-democracy and anti-democracy. During and after the CPPCC, Chiang
Kai-shek's secret agents had intruded into the residencies of Huang Yanpei &
Zhang Shenfu (i.e., leaders of the Democratic League - either sympathizers to
the Communist cause or undercover Communist agents), disturbed the populace
celebration of the CPPCC resolutions, inflicted some physical injuries to the
celebration meeting assemblers, including Guo Moruo, Ma Yinchu, Shi Fuliang, and
Li Gongpu et al. The KMT agents also sabotaged the CCP's New China Daily
Newspaper agency as well as the Democratic League's Min-sheng [People's
Livelihood] Newspaper agency. on Feb 23rd, Zhang Lan wrote to Chiang Kai-shek
with a request that the KMT agents be disbanded, while Chiang Kai-shek, per Tang
Zong's Diaries, instructed that the Democratic League was CCP's running dog. Dai
Li, i.e., KMT chief of the secret agents, would die in a plane accident shortly
thereafter. Before that, Chiang Kai-shek had already decided to shrink the
secret servcice, forcing Dai Li into seeking an alternative career which was
rumored to be some position in the Chinese Navy. (Many of those Democratic League leaders, i.e., undercover communists, would
suffer from the Communist persecutions during the Anti-Rightist Movement
later.)
Marshall set up a separate Military Panel comprising of KMT rep
Zhang Zhizhong and CCP rep Zhou Enlai. on Feb 24th, Marshall had two parties
agree to contracting the Government troops to 90 divisions and the CCP to 18
divisions within 12 months, to be followed by the Phase II Compression. The
Phase II Compression would supposedly compress the total national army to 60
divisions or 20 corps, with the Government troops reduced to 50 divisions and
the CCP forces to 10 divisions. A limitation of no more than 14,000 staff and
soldiers was set for each division. Other than the army, the Nationalist
government wartime training schools and academies were ordered to be shut down.
Hu Zongnan’s 7th Branch of the Whampoa Military Academy, which had trained 7
sessions of 15th-22nd or about 25,014 cadets in addition to 12,303 graduates for
33 Nationalist government troops units and organizations, forwarded the last
class of students to the Whampoa Academy's headquarters in Chengdu of Sichuan
Province. Liu Ruming was called to Chongqing for a shrinkage meeting at which
General Wedemeyer had made a speech. Shortly after returning to his garrison,
Liu Ruming received an order to dismiss one third of his army. The Nationalist
government initiated the "Phase I Downsizing" on March 16th, 1946, with a target
of compression to ten corps for the First Military District. The First Military
District, which enjoyed 5 group armies or 13 corps at the peak, had already
downsized since the Japanese surrender, with i) the 16th & 3rd Corps of the
34th Group Army assigned to the 11th Military District in Hebei Province and ii)
three divisions of the 89th Corps reorganized into the 15th Corps for
subordination to the 5th Military District. During the resistance war, hundreds
of thousands of soldiers had been allocated to the Burma Expedition Forces. Hu
Zongnan's First Military District of 4 group armies [the 4th, 31st, 37th &
38th] or 10 corps had revoked 26 regiments, with about 27,500 soldiers
dispatched home with allowances. Xu Zhen wrote that while the Government troops
were contracting, the CCP continued to expand their army ranks by hiring former
puppet Wang Jingwei government soldiers.
In Manchuria, the Russian
soldier killed Chinese engineer Zhang Xinfu
in the process of dismantling the equipment. Alternative writings pointed out
that the Chinese Communists, with Russian arrangement, deliberately expelled
Zhang Xinfu and his team out of Luushun and then murdered them with bayonets
halfway to Shenyang. Altogether, the Communist troops bayoneted eight Chinese
engineers and mining industry officials near Luushun, including Zhang Xinfu,
after sparing the platoon of railway police whom the Russians claimed belonged
to the Southern Manchurian Railway. Li Shenzhi, recalling a massive nationwide
protest movement against the USSR in early 1946, pointed out that elementary and
middle school students in the countryside of Chengdu-Chongqing waved flags
denouncing the Russian barbarity. Meantime, the CCP-controlled "New China
Daily Newspaper", in its Chongqing edition, published an article entitled
"Patriotism Is Not Equal To Excluding the Foreigners [i.e., the Russians]". The
Communist students, who had launched Dec 1st, 1945 student protest in Kunming
just one month ago, would refrain from denouncing the Russian killing, pillaging
and raping in Manchuria.
The
Nationalist Government Troops Recovering Manchuria
For Manchuria,
Chiang Kai-shek had conferred the post of director for "Northeast Military
Office" onto Xiong Shihui, the post of security commander onto Du Yuming and
deputy post onto Zheng Dongguo. Xiong Shihui arrived in Changchun with about 100
entourage on Oct 2nd, 1945, but he was basically restrained in office by
Russians who guarded his office. However, Government troops did not get to take
control of Manchuria as a result of Russian interference and eight month
Russian occupation. Pseudo-history website like http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Chinese-Civil-War and
pseudo-encyclopedia website like wikipedia claimed that "later in the year
[1945] Chiang Kai-shek came to the painful realization that he lacked the
resources to prevent a CCP takeover of Manchuria following the scheduled Soviet
departure, he therefore made a deal with the Russians to delay their withdrawal
until he had moved enough of his best-trained men and modern materiel into the
region." Truth is that Stalin had at one time demanded that both USSR and US
withdraw from China at the same time. Original agreement called for Russian
withdrawal by Nov 14th, 1945 [Dec 3rd Per ZLA].
After Chiang Kai-shek,
on Nov 7th, dispatched several planes to Changchun to pick up stranded Chinese
officials as a protest against Russians, China and USSR reached an agreement,
and announced the new deadline of Jan 3rd for final Russian withdrawal. Russians
approved the air delivery of Chinese troops to Changchun & Shenyang,
acknowledged Xiong Shihui's "Military HQ" office and agreed to station a liaison
officer inside of the office building, at the expense of Chinese concession that
industries in Manchuria were Russian bounty. Vehicles were provided to Chinese,
a train was allocated for fetching coal from Jiutai county, and a command center
was set up in the airport for preparation of Chinese troop arrival.
CCP
harassed Ping-Han [Peking-Wuhan] railroad lines and raided Nationalist army
positions in Shanxi, Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces, effectively bringing
down the communication and railways in northern China. Luushun & Dalian
being leased to Russians, the seaport available to Government troops would be
Yingkou and Huludao which the American Navy, under Vice Admiral Daniel E.
Barbey, had abandoned to the Communists since on November 2, 1945. Claiming that
Manchuria did not belong to truce area, CCP mounted major campaigns in
Manchuria, taking over Yingkou on the coast, Sipingjie, Changchun, Harbin,
Andong, Jilin and Qiqihar [Qiqihaer] etc. CCP forces refused American marines
and American transport ships with Nationalist army soldiers from going ashore.
CCP received Japanese weapons depot from Russians and established various
governments, including the Russian-restricted areas inside of Dairen & Port
Arthur. Apparently fallacious would be Zhang Zhenglong's Snow White, Blood
Red repeatedly-mentioned term "Last Battle", a battle call which was relayed
to each and every Communist fighting unit in Manchuria for wrestling over
control of positions from the Nationalist Army inside of Manchuria. George
Marshall had apparently left out Manchuria due to possibly three factors: 1)
Marshall's possible blindfolding by Russian & Comintern conspiracies in
Manchuria; 2) Chinese Communists' denial of its secretive operation in
Manchuria; and 3) Nationalist Government's taking advantage of the fuzzy status
quo in Manchuria for taking over Manchuria from USSR per the friendship treaty
under American auspice and sponsorship.
Campaign of Linyu &
Shanhaiguan Pass
General Liu Yuzhang, who had been dispatched to
Haiphong of Vietnam for accepting Japanese surrender, received instructions that
his 2nd Division, together with 25th Division at Haiyang and 195th Division at
Jianjun, would be going to Manchuria by riding on American Seventh Fleet
warships. The actual trip was delayed several times when Americans first failed
to obtain Russian approval to dock at Dairen [Dalian] and then were obstructed
by Chinese Communist troops at Yingkou. on November 4th, 1945, Liu Yuzhang went
ashore at Qinhuangdao, a coastal resort just to the south of Mountain & Sea
Pass and the Great Wall. At about the same time, Shi Jue's 13th Corps also
arrived at Qinhuangdao. 25th Division of 52nd Corps joined the 13th Corps in
launching a circumvential attack at the pass. on Nov 22nd, Du Yuming convened a
military meetings to appraise the campaign accomplishments of five government
divisions from 13th & 52nd Corps and congratulated the 2nd Division on
taking over three cities in one single day. Two days after taking over Jinzhou,
52nd Corps was ordered to attack Heishan and Beizhen.
Battle of
Qianwei-Suizhong
Battle of Huluodao
Battle of
Jinzhou
On Nov 19th, Russian Red Army notified CCP Northeastern
Bureau that Russians intended to hand over cities to Nationalist government once
the Government troops arrived. With Mao Tse-tung falling ill since return from
Chongqing on Oct 11th, Liu Shaoqi took charge again by ordering on Nov 20th that
Lin Biao yield the right-of-way along major railroad lines and cities. on Nov
28th, Liu emphasized again the importance of establishing Communist bases in
eastern, northern and western Manchuria.
On Dec 6th, Jiang Jingguo
& Zhang Jiaao held another round of talks with Russian generals, including
Malinovsky. Russians emphasized that they had retained Manchukuo railway
management and employees [including Japanese board of directors], and
[unilaterally] re-established the railway company [on Sept 22nd] per
Sino-Russian friendship treaty that stipulated a time period of 30 years of
Sino-Russian mutual administration. Zhang Lingao claimed that Jiang Jingguo had
been reaffirmed what Russians had agreed upon while in Moscow. Zhao Junmai,
under Russian escort, went over to Changchun cityhall for establishing
authority. Communist forces withdrew from Changchun city center on Russian
demand. Subsequently, Dong Wenqi assumed the mayor post at Shenyang, and Yang
Chunan at Harbin. Though, Russians refused to allow Chinese officials enter Port
Arthur [Luushun] and Dalian. At the pressure of Communist forces, Dong Wenqi and
Yang Chunan soon fled their posts once Russians exited towards northern
Manchuria. In mid-Dec, Jiang Jingguo flew to Changchun with Du Yuming & Wang
Shuming, and held another talk with Russian commander. Russians claimed that
they, having withdrawn from Shanhaiguan-Yingkou-Huludao-Jinzhou, now began the
phase of withdrawing from Shenyang-Changchun-Harbin. Russians agreed to allow
one Chinese mechanized division airlifted to the outskirts of Changchun. Per
ZLA, Jiang Jingguo instructed Du Yuming etc that China should befriend the
Russians so that Chinese Communists would not be able to find a crack in
between. Having dismissed the economic loss to Russians as merely Japanese
operations, Jiang Jingguo stated that Qi Shiying, i.e., an anti-USSR party
official, was sent back to Chongqing at his request as a warning to other
stubborn anti-USSR people [e.g., Xiong Shihui & Jin Zhen]. As an
appreciation of Jiang Jingguo's cooperation [and hospitality in hosting
luxurious banquets on daily basis], Russians sent over four cases of Brandy
& French wine, and bragged that they obtained them from Germans who in turn
looted from the French.
On Dec 7th, Liu Shaoqi warned Lin Biao and
Cheng Zihua Per FZJ, and on Dec 24th, Liu Shaoqi warned Peng Zhen against
attempt at controlling big cities like Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin. on Dec
28th, Mao Tse-tung, having recovered from illness a bit, reaffirmed Liu Shaoqi's
standgrounds. By late 1945, CCP military forces amounted to 220,000 in Manchuria
Per FZJ.
Battle of Beining-Heishan-Beizhen
Battle of
Chaoyang
Battle of Huxin-Haizhou
On Dec 25th, Liu
Yuzhang's 2nd Division converged upon Anbao [Zhenanbao] of Beizhen, i.e., former
beacon tower of Ming Dynasty's great wall against Manchu. After that, Liu
Yuzhang's troops were trucked to Nuerhe of Jinzhou for deployment to Rehe to the
west.
Li Zefen, i.e., 5th Div Chief under the Nationalist government
94th Corps, inspected the Changchun Airport, and then told Jiang Jingguo that he
would rather go to Tianjin than delivering himself to the mouth of the
Communists. Xiong Shihui, seeing that the Government troops refuse to come over,
then ordered that two regiments of the constabulary forces [led by Xu Genyang
& Liu Defu] be delivered to Changchun from Peking. At the time the Russians
withdrew from Changchun, the Nationalist government officials fled the city for
a second time. Two regiments of soldiers, who were formerly puppet forces around
Peking, were disarmed by the Communists.
The Battle of
Lingyuan-Pingquan
The Battle of Jianping
Truce
In Rehe & the Communist Siege of the Nationalist Army 5D of 13C At
Guozangzi
The Battle of Shaling
It was on
March 13th, 1946 that the Nationalist 52nd Corps took over custody of Shenyang
from the Russians and began to push on towards the Sipingjie city. By late
March, Sun Liren's New First Corps arrived at Qinhuangdao from Southeast Asia
& Southern China via American warships. Then the Government troops pushed
towards Changchun along the railroad. Prior to this relocation, Dong Zhujun
managed to bribe the Nationalist Army contacts to have his son return home for a
visit, hence escaping the fate of being dispatched to Manchuria. Manchuria was
to become the graveyard for the Nationalist Army's best-trained and
best-equipped armies which had been the most valiant forces fighting the
Japanese aggressors in the Burma-Vietnam Theater. Chiang Kai-shek, after loss of
Manchuria, once complained that it was the Americans who had pushed Chiang
Kai-shek into Manchuria for counter-balancing the USSR, stating that the
original intention was to retain control of Jinzhou city only.
In whole
area of Manchuria, the Government troops possessed the New 1st Corps, New 6th
Corps, and 52nd Corps. To counter the Communists, Chiang Kai-shek ordered that
Sun Du lead the 60th Corps & 92nd Corps of Dian-jun [Yunnan Prov native
army] to Manchuria. Sun Du was the group army commander of Lu Han's Dian-jun
which was shipped over from Haiphong of Vietnam. However, Du Yuming broke apart
the 60th Corps & 92nd Corps to make Sun Du a nominal commander by
dispatching Zhang Chong's corps to Jilin Prov. Li Ao, a critic of the KMT in
Taiwan, commented that Chiang Kai-shek's toppling Yunnan Prov chair Long Yun had
cost him the later defection of the Dian-jun army to the Communists in
Manchuria. (Li Ao also commented that Chiang Kai-shek had time and again
declined Roosevelt's offer of making Vietnam a trustee country to be controlled
by China while frustrating Long Yun and his Dian-jun's ambition in Vietnam &
Burma where they fought the Japanese valiantly. Chiang Kai-shek also declined
the U.S.'s request for dispatching 50000 Chinese occupation forces to Japan
-which could be true at one point as Sun Liren's army was preparing for the
mission in Japan.)
The Russian Red Army first withdrew from Changchun
on April 14th, 1946. 30,000 Communist forces promptly took over positions from
the Russians. on May 3rd, 1946, the Russian Red Army left Manchuria with full
loads of bounty. By the end of 8 months (against the USSR's original stipulation
of 3 weeks to 3 months), the Chinese Communists had already absorbed 300,000
puppet Manchukuo army and developed into half million strong force from the
original contingent of less than 20,000. However, the communists would soon lose
their crack forces during the Battle of Sipingjie, with the newly-built army,
comprising of the puppets, defecting to the government side. only the Korean
diehards stayed with the communists after the Battle of Sipingjie. The
communists, to rebuild the army, launched a massive 'land reform' movement in
northern Manchuria, forcing the people into joining the communist army via the
old practice of killing a certain percentage of the local population as
landlords. The communists, utilizing the truce brokered by Marshall, at the same
time conducted a sweeping campaign against the pro-government forces and
brigands to consolidate the hold in northern Manchuria before striking south in
the so-called Three Campaigns of Crossing the Sungari River.
The
Nationalist government declared a return to Nanking the capital on May 5th,
1946.
The Battle of Sipingjie
The new order from the
Northeast Military Headquarters was for the N1C and N6C to attack to the north
and south respectively, while the 52C to attack Hushun to the east beginning
from March 19th. In Manchuria, the Government troops, i.e., the New 1st Corps
and 71st Corps, under Liang Huashen, began attack at Sipingjie in early April.
on April 3rd, the N1C arrived at Changtu. Near Quandou, the Communist forces had
dug in, from Hushizi area to the east to the Xinglongling Ridge to the west, and
Jijialing and Hongshanbao to the south. Facing the 50D of the N1C would be the
so-called Communist crack force 7th Brigade of the 3rd Division, consisting of
the 19th, 20th and 21st Regiments, while the Communist force facing the N38D of
the N1C would be the Communist 10th Brigade. Every Communist brigade had
Japanese mountain guns, every regiment had five mortars, every battalion four
heavy machineguns, and every company six light machineguns. on the 7th, the
113th Regiment of the N38D took over Xinglongquan. By 4:00 pm, over ten thousand
Communist soldiers appeared in front of Sun Weimin's battalion. Meanwhile, Zhong
Shan's battalion was completely surrounded by the Communist troops. After
midnight, the N38D HQ, which was about eight kilometers to the south of
Xinglongquan, was attacked by the Communist force from the east. After beating
off the Communist assaults overnight, Sun Weimin's battalion gunned down
altogether seven waves of Communist "human sea attacks" from three
directions, with each wave consisting of three consecutive echelons of about one
hundred men or one company formation in each direction. It was soon
discovered that the people charging at machineguns of the government troops were
mostly plaincoated civilians wearing the cart-driver coats, melon-shaped hats
and black pants. (The Communist records fallaciously claimed that Lin Biao
directed the Battle of Quandou with Wan Yi's "zong dui", 1st Division, 8th &
10th Brigades of 3rd Division, totaling twelve regiments. Skipping the "human
wave" attack, the Communist records claimed to have 'merely' destroyed four
whole companies of the N38D as a result of the slack encirclement. )
By
9:00 am, on April 8th, the Northeast Military HQ passed on information that
Lin Biao had come south with three Communist "zong dui" or 40,000 men in the
attempt of wiping out the N1C; that two "zong dui" were attacking the government
troops in Xinglongquan and one "zong dui" pushing through the railway between
Xin-changtu and Jiu-changtu; that the uniformed Communist troops belonged to Lin
Biao's troops from Northern China or Koreans; and that the Japanese prisoners of
wars were manning the Communist machineguns. 
With the 113th
Regiment in perilous situation, Li Hong ordered that the 112th Regiment come to
the aid from east of the Liao-he River, while Li Hong himself led the 114th
Regiment head-on towards the Communist troops that came through the crack
between Xin-changtu and Jiu-changtu.
On 10th, the N1C pushed towards
Shuangmiaozi, with the N30D and N38D moving side by side. With Zhang Jiezhi's
Regiment attacking the Communist flank to the west, the Communist forces
retreated on the morning of April 10th.
Luo Ronghuan had obtained eight
trains of munitions and medicine from the Russians in Dairen, shipped the goods
to Korea by sea, and then transported via the international railway to Meihekou
where the CCP Northeast Bureau was seated. However, the government airplanes
bombed 260 carriages of supplies to ashes on April 28th per Communist records.
--Whether it was wise for the Nationalist Troops to enter Manchuria at all could
be validated by the Russian link. Should Manchuria be abandoned to the CCP in
the very beginning, the CCP would very well be able to mobilize millions of army
in a matter of months to pose a threat to China Proper instead of years later.
As the Communist documents ascertained, the more landlords they killed in the
'land reform', the more army they could recruit, no matter it was the populace's
belief in guaranteeing the fruits of victory voluntarily or the populace's
involuntary action of taking up the arms against the opposite class for fear of
reprisals by the "brigands who returned to hometowns". Chiang Kai-shek's faults
lied in the incompetent generals like Du Yuming and treacherous generals like
Wei Lihuang.
On April 21st, at dawn, the N30D launched an attack at Sipingjie
City by treading over the open paddy rice fields and incurred heavy casualty
under the blasting of Communist cannons from the blockhouses and trenches inside
the city which was rising towards the northeast in multiple gradients. on May
3rd, the Northeast Military HQ approved a suspension of the campaign against
Sipingjie. Zheng Dongguo was at one time dispatched to the Sipingjie frontline
for directing the campaign in vain. At the suggestion of Du Yuming, Chiang
Kai-shek sent four consecutive wires to the U.S. for recalling Sun Liren back to
China. At the Northeast Military HQ, Du Yuming informed Sun Liren that Lin
Biao's Communist forces possessed a total of seven "zong dui", two Korean-ethnic
armies which were formerly the Japanese Kwantung Army, one Japanese heavy
machinegun division, and one Japanese 38-model cannons "Daitai". 
Sun
Liren, upon return to the N1C, held a meeting with Deputy Corps Chief Jia Youhui
and Tactician Shi Shuo. With order to encircle and destroy the Communist force
to the north of Sipingjie in collaboration with the 71C to the left and the N6C
to the right, Sun Liren revised the layout of the 50D, N30D and N38D. Pan
Yukun's 50D was ordered to launch a frontal attack at Hafutun; Tang Shouzhi's
N30D was to attack the northside of Sipingjie as the right flank; and Li Hong's
N38D was to circumvent to the hind of the Communist forces as the left flank.
Battle was to start on the 16th, with a deadline to securing Sipingjie within
four days. (The Communist records fallaciously claimed that Sipingjie was an
empty city when Sun Liren sacked it, in the same way as Yenan was claimed to be
when it was sacked by Hu Zongnan's army in March 1947. )
After reading the newspaper reports that the N6C had taken over Sipingjie,
Sun Liren called over reporters for a rebuke, saying, "Are you guys seeking for
a chaos of the land under the Heaven?" Sun Liren Biography pointed out that at
the Battle of Sipingjie, the N1C, facing a Communist army group of over 100,000,
had killed 25,000 enemies and captured alive 623 at a self death toll of 45
officers and 1025 soldiers as well as 249 missing troops, 95 officers and 2002
soldiers wounded. Lin Biao's Communist troops consisted of the 7th, 8th &
10th Brigades of the 3rd Division; three regiments from the 1st Division; the
12th, 24th, 19th and 22nd Brigades; the Independent 1st & 7th Brigades; the
Constabulary 20th & 1st Brigades; and the Righteous & Brave Regiment of
the 7th Division. on basis of the "Military Documentation Regarding Three Years
Of Liberation War In The Northeast", the Communist 7th Brigade of Huang
Kecheng's 3rd Division had 3000 soldiers left after the Sipingjie Campaign; Wan
Yi's 3rd Division had 4-5000 soldiers left out of the original 13,000; Liang
Xingchu's 1st Division had 5000 left; Luo Huasheng's 2nd Division still retained
the fighting capability; Deng Hua's Constabulary 1st Brigade was heavily
damaged; the 8th & 10th Brigades of the 3rd Division [? constabulary] were
badly mauled as well; and Yang Guofu's 7th Division suffered heavy casualty,
too. (Deliberately off-the-records would be the Korean & Japanese
mercenaries of the former Japanese Kwantung Army that was sorted out by the
Russians for deployment against the Chinese government troops. Two so-called
"Inner-Mongolian Cavalry Divisions" would appear later in Oct-Nov 1947 Jinzhou
Campaign.)
Prof Chen Yongfa explained the reasons that the Communist forces resisted
the Nationalist Army fiercely at Sipingjie instead of following the policy of
"yielding the main road and occupying the two sides": the CCP intended to retain
big cities as a bargaining chip with the Nationalist government. (However, Fang
Zhijun's writings on Liu Shaoqi pointed out that Lin Biao had refused to obey
the order as to yielding the main cities. Communist records were all craps and
made up if you don't know already.)
The Government troops took over
Benxi, Sipingjie and Gongzuling consecutively. With Changchun still in Communist
hands, Zhou Enlai proposed to George Marshall that the city be made a trustee
territory under the CCP-KMT joint management. By May 23rd, 1946, the Government
troops took over Changchun from the Communists even though a so-called
"trilateral truce panel", comprising of the CCP, KMT and US, was sitting at
Shenyang. on May 24th, at Shenyang, Chiang Kai-shek had Song Meiling authorize a
letter to Marshall in regards to renewing the peace talk with the CCP with three
conditions which CCP leader Zhou Enlai had basically accepted.
Battle of Hushun
Battle of Benxi
Communist Anshan-Haicheng Campaign
Xiao Hua & Cheng
Zihua's Communist 4th "zong dui", which had fled Benxi in early May, launched
the Anshan-Haicheng Campaign by attacking 184th Division of 60th Corps along the
Southern Segment of China Eastern Railway on the night of May 23rd. With 184th
Division besieged by Communist force in Southern Manchuria, Du Yuming ordered
that N30D & N38D of N1C immediately go south on the night of May 24th. With
Chiang Kai-shek approval, Sun Liren obtained a break of three days for N38D by
citing the non-stop feats at Sipingjie and Changchun.
On the afternoon
of 25th, Haan Xianchu's Communist forces sacked Anshan. on May 28th, Communist
force surrounded Haicheng. 184th Division Chief Pa Shuoduan, with some remnant
of one regiment, defected to the Communist camp. on June 2nd, Haan Xianchu took
over Dashiqiao. (Communist records claimed to have killed 1200 government
troops, caught alive 2104, and instigated Pan Shuoduan and 2700 soldiers into an
uprising.)
On June 8th, N38D went to Gongzuling where they took train
for Anshan.
In southern Liaoning Province, the Communist forces
totaling close to 80,000, with two local compositions of "Li Hongguang Korean
Detachment" and Zhang Xuesi's column. Zhang Xuesi, i.e., a brother of Zhang
Xueliang, had his base in Haicheng, while Li Hongguang, in charge of two
ethnic-Korean Divisions under the former Japanese Kwantung Army, was pushing
their way northward. (Deliberately off-the-records would be Korean &
Japanese mercenaries of the former Japanese Kwantung Army that was sorted out by
the Russians for deployment against the Chinese government troops.)
The Campaign of Western Rehe & Eastern Chahar
The Battle of Chifeng
The Battle of Andong
The Second & Third Truce Orders
On April 14th, 1946, the
Russian Red Army first withdrew from Changchun after a delay. Stalin had at one
time demanded that both the USSR and the US withdraw from China at the same
time. 30,000 Communist forces promptly took over Changchun positions from the
Russians. on May 3rd, 1946, the Russian Red Army left Manchuria with full loads
of bounty. By May 23rd, 1946, the Chinese Government troops, pushing against the
Communist forces, took over Changchun while a so-called "trilateral truce
panel", comprising of the CCP, KMT and U.S. representatives, was sitting in at
Shenyang. on May 24th, at Shenyang, Chiang Kai-shek had Song Meiling authorize a
letter to Marshall in regards to renewing the peace talk with the CCP with three
conditions which CCP leader Zhou Enlai had basically accepted.
Communist
China's crony from Taiwan, Li Ao, commented that Chiang Kai-shek had no clue as
to what adversary he was facing and should know that he was no opponent of Mao
Tse-tung since the KMT, never having destroyed the CCP ten years ago with a
strength ratio of 10:1, would be doomed in fighting against relatively
well-equipped Communists at a ratio of 3-4:1. Li Ao concluded that Chiang
Kai-shek had too much superstition in his U.S.-equipped armed forces, airforce
and navy. Li Ao of course had no clue about the U.S. arms embargo against China,
not knowing that the Soviet agents controlled the U.S. state department and
treasury department, etc. When the State Department refused to issue an export license to the ROC
government's order to buy one-and-a-half billion rounds of small-arms ammunition
in the summer of 1946, the British followed the same suit.
Marshall's Arms Embargo & End
of the American Involvement In China
Marshall deliberately flew
back to China in May 1946 to stop the Nationalist troops from chasing the
Communists north of the Sungari River. on May 29th, in southern Liaoning Prov,
the Communists mounted an offensive, and part of Dian-jun's 184th Division of
the 50th Corps defected to the Communists in Haicheng. Chiang Kai-shek did not
return to Nanking till June 5th on which day he promised to have a truce for
10-15 days. Numerous Chinese generals and politicians failed to see the nature
of the truce issued on June 6th, 1946. Up to today, year 2005, the Russians
still refused to equate Marshall as possibly the Soviet mole in the top US
military leadership as hinted in VENONA transcripts. Nevertheless, Marshall, per
Prof Chen Yongfa, had ordered a cessation of military supplies for ten months in
June of 1946. Freda Utley stated that "at the end of July 1946 General Marshall
clamped an embargo on the sale of arms and ammunition to China... on August 18,
1946, President Truman issued an executive order saying that China was not to be
allowed to acquire any 'surplus' American weapons 'which could be used in
fighting a civil war'..." [page 13]. About this time, on June 28th, Acheson made
a speech in New York, stating that "too much stress cannot be laid on the hope
that our economic assistance be carried out in China through the medium of a
government fully and fairly representative of all important Chinese political
elements, including the Chinese Communists." [page 15]
Meanwhile, the
Communists re-designed their spheres of influence into the military districts.
With the balance tilted to the Communist side, the Communist newspaper in Yenan,
i.e., The Liberation Daily, published an article against the Americans on June
5th, 1946 by demanding that America should stop fomenting the civil wars in
China. In early June, Chen Geng's Communist Tai-yue [Mt Taiyueshan] Military
District of Southern Shanxi Province, with 9 brigades, launched a general strike
at the Nationalist government army positions in southern Shanxi. on June 19th,
the Communist side declined the Nationalist Government's proposal for military
organization in Manchuria. on June 22nd, Lin Biao, i.e., Communist
commander-in-chief for Manchuria, declined the request of the Three Person
Military Panel to enter the Communist-controlled territory in Manchuria. The
Communists' record claimed that Chiang Kai-shek declared on June 25th that the
Nationalist government military would take action within 24 hours, and the next
day, on June 26th, the Nationalist military pushed against the Communist
"Central Plains Liberated Area". Alternative Communist records cited by Yang
Bichuan, however, pasted a picture of resourceful Li Xiannian who faked illness
in the presence of the Three-Person Truce Panel and then jumped up to issue the
order of a western expedition right after the American and Nationalist
representatives left the scene. Also touted by the Communist side would be Zhou
Enlai's personal visit of Li Xiannian's camp for the arrangement of shipping out
over 2000 Communist wounded, cadres and family members. on June 26th, 1946, Li
Xiannian's Central Plains Communist Forces secretively converged upon
Xuanhuadian of northeastern Hubei Province for a western breakout. on June 29th,
Li Xiannian's Zhongyuan [Central Plains] Military District attacked the
Nationalist army positions in Hubei-Henan-Shaanxi borderline area. The
communists, to secure the western move of the bulk of the troops, sent Pi
DIngjun on an eastern excursion with a small force as diversion. on the 29th, Li
Xiannian breached the Nationalist Army's defense line for the west. Hu Zongnan's
troops, after 53 days of fierce fighting along 700 kilometers of mountain roads
and paths, reduced Li
Xiannian's 16000 troops and Wang Zhen's 3000 troops to 200 remnants,
respectively. The communist unit moving east, after a long trek along which they
mercilessly killed their own wounded comrades, reached the communist enclave in
Jiangsu Province.
Chiang Kai-shek, by the truce expiration date of June
29th, insisted one more concession from the Communists, namely, the CCP
withdrawal from northern Jiangsu Province, per Lu Keng. By June 30th, 1946,
ceasefire over Manchuria, which Chiang Kai-shek had agreed to under the pressure
of Marshall, expired. on July 1st, Zhou Enlai proposed to Marshall to have dual
talks over the political and military issues. At the insistence of Marshall, a
five person truce panel continued to work on resolution on July 2nd. on July
2nd, Chiang Kai-shek called over Zhou for talks. Shao Lizi, Wang Shijie &
Chen Cheng were present. Lu Keng pointed out that the KMT-CCP peace talk had
broken down over the "administrative ownership" of northern Jiangsu Province.
Marshall suggested that the United Nations take over northern Jiangsu Prov as
a buffer zone, which Chiang Kai-shek declined as a violation of China's
sovereignty. Chiang cursed Wang Shijie for this UN proposal. (Lu Keng
naively made a discourse on the UN referral proposal while the Communist side
believed the conflict of Li Xiannian's Central Plains Communist Forces with the
Government troops had officially lit the fuse of a civil war per Yang
Bichuan.)
On July 7th, the Communists issued a July 7th Proclamation in
Yenan, demanding i) that America withdraw all its troops from China and ii) that
Britain, the U.S. and the Soviet Union re-assert the policy of non-interference
in China's internal affairs. The next day, the Communists sent over a protest to
Nanking with rejection as to convening the National Assembly. In Aug, Liu
Bocheng, with purportedly 150,000 Communist troops, harassed the areas of
western Shandong Province and northern Henan Province.
Marshall’s
Eight Trips to Mt Lushan
Marshall followed Chiang Kai-shek onto Mt
Lushan on July 14th. Marshall made nine trips to Mt Lushan from July to Sept
1946.
More
available at GeorgeMarshall-mediation-v0.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm
page for up-to-date updates.)
| * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien
Conquests in A.D. 1279,
A.D. 1644
& A.D. 1949 *
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" * |
George Marshall Mediation & Zhou Enlai's Fake
Tears [Modified : Thursday,
11-May-2006 01:16:33 EDT]
On Dec 18th, Truman issued another statement, insisting that "peace" and
"unity" were the conditions for Republican China to receive the American
financial aid, and furthermore emphasized that Byrnes, Molotov and Bevin, three
foreign secretaries from the U.S., Britain and Russia, had a consensus that
China must be organized into a "coalition government" with the Chinese
Communists. In the farewell statement of Jan 7th, 1947, Marshall expressed
regret that the Chinese Communists "did not see fit to participate in the
[National] Assembly" but understood that the Communists as having "'good excuse'
for their distrust of the Kuomintang leaders" [page 23].
In Peking, the communist students launched a massive anti-America
demonstration on Dec 30th under the Communist leadership. Nationwide, the
students echoed in support. The fuse was the purported rape of a female leftist
student by the name of Shen Chong. Multiple reporters interviewed Shen Cong the
victim and published conflicting accounts as to the 'rape'. While Marshall found
himself 'mission over' finally, the Communist side no longer saw any utility in
retaining the service of the Americans, either.
Japan's Revival Under McArthur
In Japan,
McArthur, for making his control over Japan smooth and easy, had retained the
Japanese emperor as a symbol after nominally depriving him of deity and the
administrative power in the new constitution released on Nov 3rd, 1946. To
deflect criticisms by American politicians and the Chinese government, McArthur
organized several "inspection delegations" for visiting his experiment with
'democracy' in Japan. Chinese officials, believing that the Japanese really
wanted a 3rd world war, commented that McArthur's intent was merely against the
USSR in reviving Japan. Lu Keng pointed out that China's occupation force for
Japan was hindered by McArthur. The Chinese embassy was also hindered by
McArthur from being re-established in Japan. Similarly, McArthur obstructed Shao
Yulin from going to Korea to establish a Chinese legation. Ambassador Stuart's
personal adviser Fu Jingbo later disclosed that Stuart had passed on the Chinese
resent over to McArthur. After the visit of the Roy Howard delegation, McArthur
asked Zhu Shiming to relay an invitation to China. From Feb 26th to March 15th,
1947, Lu Keng participated in the tour of Japan. Gong Debai of "The Salvation
Daily" tried in vain to get a quota for visiting Japan on the same trip, and
blasted the Nationalist government propaganda ministry over Lu Keng's obtaining
the quota to visit Japan. Lu Keng noticed that the Japanese were extremely
obedient to McArthur, and bowed towards the delegation's train and the American
train with 90 degree courtesy. By Feb, Japanese exports had reached
US$190,000,000 while imports 320,000,000, with the bulk of trade with the U.S.
but threatening HK's cotton product market already. on Feb 28th, McArthur gave a
reception to the Chinese media people. Mrs McArthur talked about her
appreciation of a jade cauldron that Xu Shichang gave her at the Japanese
surrender ceremony, and further praised General Wu Peifu as patriotic. The
Japanese expressed their sentiment at a news conference held by "Asashi News" on
March 9th, with the editor-in-chief offering the Chinese only the black coffee
on the pretext that Japan no longer had sugar after Taiwan was returned to
China. When Lu Keng asked the Japanese what they thought about the war, the
Japanese mostly expressed repentance and furthermore expressed the only wish
that China could help Japan on the matter of signing the peace treaty as soon as
possible. After visiting Hiroshima, the Chinese delegation went to Korea, and
met with Jin Jiu [Kin Kau] who once expressed a wish to commit suicide so that
both the Russians and the Americans would withdraw from Korea. The Chinese had
raised the demand in making Korea an independent country at the 1943 Cairo
Meeting. However, Stalin and the Soviet-hijacked U.S. government had another
design for the division of the world. After return to China, Lu Keng's report on
the affairs between Zhu Shiming and Li Xianglan [YAMAGUCHI Yoshiko] led Chiang
Kai-shek into angrily rescinding Zhu Shiming's post of delegation chief of the
Chinese representative to Japan. (Zhang Ling'ao pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek
had dismissed Zhu Shiming after Zhu's wife raised a complaint with Chiang
Kai-shek.) Later, in 1948, Chiang Kai-shek rescinded successor Shang Zhen's post
for his impregnating a Japanese maid. (Zhang Ling'ao claimed that Shang Zhen
resigned his post in March 1949 for going into business in Japan.) Thereafter,
Zhu Shiming resumed the post in Japan till he was dismissed again after his
subordinates, like female writer Bing Xin, went back to Communist China. Zhu
Shiming was later killed in a mysterious circumstance in Japan over implication
with the matter of the communists versus the nationalists.
Manchuria, The Graveyard of Nationalist government
Troops
Du Yuming established 11 security columns and 9 security centers as the
local auxiliary forces, while Lin Biao was said to have hired hundreds of
thousands of former Manchukuo puppet government soldiers. In Jan 1947, Lin Biao,
after half year of respite, crossed the Songhuajiang [Sungari] River to the
south with 12 divisions, and purportedly destroyed three Sun Liren regiments
within two months, including the 113th regiment which was noted for
accomplishments in Burma. - Sun Liren's fear since the 1937 Battle of Shanghai
and the 1942 Burma Campaign had always been the piecemeal disposition of his
troops.
From June 1946 to Feb 1947, the Government troops took over
hundreds of cities from the CCP; however, the Government troops would be
weakened as a result of spreading across multiple isolated cities. By March of
1947, Chiang Kai-shek had to adjust his strategy to "key attacks" from
"wholescale attacks", i.e., campaigns against the Communist forces on the
Shandong Peninsula and in the Shenxi communist Home Base. (Communist records
claimed that Hu Zongnan led 140,000 army against Yenan on March 13th. Feng
Zhijun claimed that Hu Zongnan's "Xi'an Pacifying Military Office" possessed 34
brigades or 250000 soldiers, i.e., a Communist rhetoric. Actual deployment of
government troops by Hu Zongnan was explicitly detailed in Hu Zongnan's
biography.)
In occupied territories of Manchuria, the Nationalist
government failed to revive the economy after most of the equipment had been
dismantled by the Russians. In China proper, with the government troops in
standby mode till early 1947, the fighting spirits of the army had degraded. The
Nationalist government officers and officials were said to be busy looking for
women as wives or concubines. Corruption ran rampant when the officers and
officials, with the Chinese Communist infiltrators included, embezzled
properties from collaborators with the Japanese as well as engaged in trade with
the Chinese Communists. Chiang Kai-shek devised so-called "da [hit] hu [tiger]
dui [special force]" for dealing with the corrupt officials. Smuggling became a
means for the corrupt Nationalist government agents to get rich when the
Communist guerilla had to obtain commodities through blockades from the cities.
Though, schools and colleges were re-opened.
On the Shandong Peninsula,
the communists re-etsbalished their army after the crack force went across the
sea to Manchuria in 1946. Through the cross-see routes, the communists obtained
large quantity of weapons and ammunition from the Soviet-controlled weapon
depots in North Korea and Dairen. The CCP Eastern China Field Army (i.e., the
original New Fourth Army under Commander Chen Yi), headed by Su Yu, launched an
elimination campaign against Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division with advance
information from both spies inside of the Nationalist government Defense
Department and on the ground. Five "zong dui" were to lay siege of Zhang Lingfu,
while another four "zong dui" were to impede the Nationalist government relief
army at Duozhuang. Zhang Lingfu was attacked right after he began to cross the
Wen-shui River. on May 14th, Su Yu forced Zhang Lingfu onto Mt
Menglianggu. Zhang Lingfu, while defending on the barren mountains, also
suggested that the Nationalist government armies converge upon Mt Menglianggu
for a counter-encirclement. on May 15th, Li Tianxi and Huang Baitao still failed
to get close to Zhang Lingfu. At 1:00 pm, on May 15th, the Communist forces
launched a general attack. The Communist mortar caused heavy casualties onto the
74th Division with shrapnel and flying stones, while Zhang Lingfu's
cannon-pulling horses ran loose. Almost every hilltops changed hands numerous
times. By the afternoon of the 16th, Zhang Lingfu's remnants had held out on few
hilltops. The Communists, claiming a force of 100,000, totally destroyed 32,000
Government troops. Zhang Lingfu, Cai Renjie and Lu Xing committed suicide.
Communist general Pi Dingjun was said to have purportedly buried Zhang Lingfu in
a coffin.
Campaign of Northern Liaoning Province - the Defense Battle At
Sipingjie
By the middle of May 1947, the Communist forces mounted a
summer campaign against southern Manchuria and took over Huaide city. The
Nationalist government army's 88th Division of the 71st Corps was destroyed
while en route to the relief of Huaide. on May 26th, the communists sacked Faku,
and on the 29th, sacked Changtu, posing direct threat to Shenyang. With four
"zong dui" of troops, Lin Biao mounted a siege campaign against Sipingjie. on
May 30th, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang and adopted a defensive strategy.
In mid-June, the Communist forces, numbering 200,000, surrounded
Sipingjie the midpoint between Shenyang and Changchun in a surprise move.
Defending the city would be Chen Mingren's 71st Corps [lacking the 91st
Division] and the 54th Division [lacking the 162nd Regiment] of Shi Jue's 13th
Corps. Initially, Chen Mingren ordered that Song Bangwen defend the old district
to the east of the railway, with an order that no soldiers from the 54D should
cross he railway in any case. Under Lin Biao's intensive attacks, the 71C fell
back to the east side of the railway, and lost his brother to the Communist
captivity. Song Bangwen, together with two regiment chiefs, defended the city
house by house, and spread the beans on the field to create difficulty for the
Communist troops to charge. The Nationalist government army dispatched the 53rd
Corps to Shenyang. The New 1st Corps, and New 6th Corps also came to the relief.
The 54D, part of Shi Jue or Tang Enbo's crack force that fought against the
Japanese across China throughtout WWII, then launched a counter-offensive from
Sipingjie and successfully beat back Lin Biao's Communist troops at the Siege
Battle of Sipingjie. Taking advantage of the Communist debacle at the Battle of
Sipingjie, Chen Cheng authorized the counter-attacks which recovered the
northern Jilin territories of Gongzuling, Lishu, Bamiancheng, Shangyang &
Yitong and the northern Liaoning city of Xifeng.
By August 1947, Chiang
Kai-shek ordered that Chen Cheng replace Xiong Shihui as director for the
Northeast Military District. Chen Cheng relocated the 49th Corps to Manchuria
from northern Jiangsu Prov; shortly afterward, however, the 105th Division of
the 49th Corps was destroyed by the Communists to the north of Jinzhou. Chen
Cheng re-organized Du Yuming's local security forces into the New 3rd Corps, New
5th Corps, New 7th Corps and New 8th Corps.
In Oct 1947, the
Shanghai-San Francisco direct flight commenced. The Chinese Aviation Company
invited notables and reporters for a pilot flight, which included Zhao Minheng
["news newspaper"], Zhang Guoxun ["continental newspaper"], Fei Yimin ["grand
public newspaper"], and Lu Keng ["central daily newspaper"] etc. The group
visited the Pearl Harbor, SF, NY, & DC. Marshall was back in the U.S. as
secretary of state, and replied to Lu Keng on Nov 21st, with the following hints
as to the U.S. aid: "... the United States Government continues to regard with
concern the difficulties faced by the Government and people of China and is
constantly considering what assistance it can appropriately extend which would
be effective in lessening those difficulties..." With the U.S. having already
cut aid to China, Tao Xisheng immediately published Marshall's letter on the
Nationalist government "Central Daily" for propping up the fighting
spirits of the Nationalist government troops. Though, Tao Xisheng would not
knonw that Marshall was bent on destroying the Republic of China.
By
mid-Oct, the Communist troops, i.e., the so-called "Northeast Democratic Allied
Army", totaling 500,000, mounted a 50-day "autumn campaign" and purportedly
destroyed about 70,000 Government troops. Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang
again, and Chen Cheng acknowledged his dereliction. Chiang Kai-shek recalled Wei
Lihuang back to China in Oct 1947 for sake of replacing Chen Cheng. However, Wei
Lihuang, who was deprived of the post of deputy infantry commander and sent on
an European tour in Nov 1946, had already contacted the Chinese Communist agents
in Europe and expressed a wish not to engage in fighting with the Communists.
Recent revelation claimed that Wei Lihuang intended to enroll in the CCP, but
the CCP instructed that Wei Lihuang could contribute more to the CCP cause
should he remain inside the Nationalist government. Zhang Fuxing & Wang
Yunfa's anthology, "Rise & Fall Of KMT Defeated Generals" (Military
Science Publishing House, Beijing, China, 2002 edition), claimed that Wei
Lihuang instructed Wang[1] Dezhao in sending telegraph to the CCP while still in
Paris.
The Communist "Northeast Democratic Allied Army" then renamed
itself to the Northeast Field Army and launched a "winter campaign", with the
2nd, 3rd, 6th & 7th "zong dui" [corps equivalent] and three cannons
regiments. Chen Xinda's New 5th Corps, after sacking Paoziyan & Wenjiatai on
Jan 3rd, 1948, pushed forward against 200,000 Communist troops around
Gongzhuling and surrounded the Communist 7th "zong dui". Along the way, the
Communist 6th "zong dui" put up fight-and-retreat. on Jan 5th, 1948, the
Communist troops, comprising of the 2nd & 7th "zong dui" from Zhangwu to the
north and the 3rd "zong dui" from Shezishan to the east, initiated a
counter-encirclement, whereas the Nationalist government army New 6th Corps
failed to receive order to go to the aid of the New 5th Corps by the deadline of
Jan 5th. Lin Biao separately assigned the 1st, 4th & 10th "zong dui" to
impeding the Nationalist government army relief from Shenyang. Chen Xinda's
troops, about 20,000 in total, fought on against the Communist troops through
the villages of Gongzutun, Wangdaotun, Wenjiatai and Huangjiashan. By the 7th,
the 5th Corps Command Center at Wenjiatai Village fell under the Communist
cannons. Chen Xinda, together with 43rd Division Chief Liu Guangtian and 195th
Division Chief Xie Daizheng, would be caught alive by the Communists.
After Wei Lihuang declined the post numerous times, even after Zhang
Qun and Gu Zhutong et al., personally visited him at the residency, Wei Lihuang
suddenly agreed to taking on the task. Chiang Kai-shek made five promises,
including 1) no dereliction accusation should Wei Lihuang fail to quell the
Communists, 2) Chen Cheng helping Wei Lihuang in controlling the troops, 3)
dispatchment of one more corps-conglomerate to Manchuria, 4) full airforce
support, and 5) 3-4 more Corps for Manchuria by 1948. on Jan 17th, Wei Lihuang
officially assumed the post for the "Northeast Banditry Quelling General Command
Headquarters", and arrived in Shenyang on Jan 22nd, 1948.
In Manchuria,
the Nationalist government army still possessed the New 7th Corps and 60th Corps
in Changchun, the 9th Corps-Conglomerate [commanding New 1st, New 3rd, New 6th,
and 49th Corps] in central Liaoning Prov, the 52nd Corps and one corps of Zhou
Fucheng's 8th Corps-Conglomerate in southern Liaoning Prov and Shenyang, and
Dian-jun's 93rd Corps in Jinzhou. Other than that, there was Xiang Fengwu's 71st
Corps under Liu Anqi's 7th Corps-Conglomerate. By the time Wei Lihuang arrived
in Shenyang, the "Communist winter campaign" was at the peak. The Communist
forces purportedly destroyed 1 Nationalist Corps and 8 divisions, totaling
156,000 men, and sacked 18 cities. (The number was wholesome and needs
itemization.) one Nationalist army division defected to the Communists. Citing
the Communist losses in the siege of Sipingjie, Wei Lihuang deliberately adopted
a strategy of "sitting out" by having his troops defend the major cities like
Shenyang, Changchun, Jinzhou and Huludao.
Wei Lihuang regrouped 4
corps-conglomerates of 14 corps or 44 divisions, making Zheng Dongguo's 1st
corps-conglomerate (about 6 divisions or 100,000 men) in charge of Changchun in
the north, Fan Hanjie's 6th corps-conglomerate (about 14 divisions or 150,000
men) in charge of Jinzhou in the west, and 8th & 9th corps-conglomerates etc
(about 300,000 men) in charge of Shenyang, Benxi, Fushun, Tieling and Xinmin in
the middle. Though Wei Lihuang still possessed [nominally] 550,000 men, they
were dispersed in separate cities cut off from each other, with the city of
Changchun to be under the Communist siege till October 1948, where
starvation led to death of hundreds of thousands of people under the communist
blockade. The Communist forces deliberately shot at the civilians with
machine guns for stopping the civilians from leaving Changchun. The siege of
Changchun city would cause over 300,000 civilians starved to death as a result
of the Communists' blockade of the city. ('Xue3 [snow] Bai [white], Xue4
[blood] Hong [red] by Zhang Zhenglong is a good reference book on this subject.
Zhang Zhenglong cited multiple eyewitness accounts in pointing out that
Communist army would only allow those Nationalist army soldiers to defect
through the blockade with gun as a pass or allow the relatives and families of
undercover Communist agents or colluding Nationalist army officers and officials
to exit the vacuum belt. At the vacuum belt, innocent civilians who had died
would echo with the sound of crack of the bloated bellies in the hot sunlight.)
With coastal Yingkou taken and the Bei-Ning [Northern Liaoning] Railway
cut off by the Communists, Shenyang and Changchun had to rely upon airdrop for
survival.
Wei Lihuang's Refusal To
Evacuate From Shenyang and Changchun
With the purported American nodding
approval [which was another communist-published misinformation], Chiang Kai-shek
began to implement the policy of retreating to Jinzhou and/or inside of the
Shanhaiguan Pass. However, Wei Lihuang repeatedly rebutted Luo Zekai & Li
Shuzheng of the Nationalist government National Defense Department, claiming
that should his forces leave Shenyang, the Communists would utilize the three
rivers of Liao-he, Daling-he and Raoyang-he in ambushing them. Wei Lihuang
dispatched Zheng Dongguo to Nanking for dissuading Chiang Kai-shek from the
order of retreat from Shenyang. Chiang Kai-shek, however, insisted that Shenyang
must be abandoned and added that Changchun could be abandoned as well for
preserving the Nationalist government army strength. Wei Lihuang then held a
military meeting with his generals and dispatched Zhao Jiaxiang and Luo Youlun
to Nanking for relaying the opinions of the Northeastern Nationalist government
army generals.
Chiang Kai-shek gave in to Wei Lihuang for the time
being. Wei Lihuang requested that the Government troops be sent to Huludao, a
coastal city to the south of Jinzhou, and ordered a recruitment of soldiers in
and around Jinzhou and Shenyang. Being afraid of the Nationalist government
forced recruitment, Gao Wenjun and his classmates stayed inside the school most
of the time. Gao Wenjun, who wrote the "Memoirs of the Korea War"
(Shengzhi Culture Enterprises Publishing House, http://www.ycrc.com.tw, Taipei,
Taiwan, July 2000 edition), was attending the Liaoning Provincial High School in
Shenyang. Later, in June 1948, 6000 students took exam for the Whampoa Academy
23rd Session, with Gao Wenjun among 600 examinees accepted. Gao Wenjun left for
Sichuan Prov in August, with his parents walking him to the airport hands in
hands. Gao Wenjun was never to see his parents again the rest of his life. The
Sichuan Whampoa class was later betrayed to the communists by the schoolmaster.
In March 1948, Chiang Kai-shek changed mind and ordered that Wei
Lihuang fly to Nanking. on March 22nd, Wei Lihuang flew to Nanking and still
objected to withdrawal from Shenyang & Changchun, claiming that he would
contact the Americans direct for help in airdrop of supplies. Wei Lihuang then
ordered that Liu Yanhan contact David Barr [Ba-da-wei], the U.S. director of
JUSMAG, for assistance. on May 11th, Barr and the U.S. Delegation flew to
Shanyang & Changchun and purportedly promised to Wei Lihuang in supplying
equipment for 10 divisions. Note that the U.S. government did not ship out any
military aid till late 1948. When Chiang Kai-shek renewed his call for
withdrawal from Shenyang, Wei Lihuang dispatched Liao Yaoxiang to Nanking for a
dissuasion on the pretext that should the Nationalist government army withdraw
from Shenyang, then the Nationalist government army soldiers in Changchun would
lose the fighting spirits. While Chiang Kai-shek and Wei Lihuang were entangled
in the disputes, the CCP forces, which were equipped by Stalin-supplied American
August Storm weapons, launched the Liao-Shen Campaign on the evening of Sept
17th, 1948.
CCP Liao-Shen Campaign
Economy collapsed
inside the cities when the Nationalist government currencies rolled out to
replace the old version. Ten year old girl could be bought for 10 kilograms of
rice. one teacher of the Jinzhou Normal College picked up a rotten meat on the
street, cooked it and ate it, and died shortly afterward. Xia Dehong, as
chairwoman of autonomous student union, organized a raid into a banquet for
collecting donations. In Feb 1948, with Communist agent's support, Xia Dehong
entered the Medical College of Jinzhou's "Northeastern Exile University". After
reflecting on the mistake of over-killing the wealthy landlords and business
owners of northern Manchuria, Communists issued an instruction in winning over
the hearts of the students of the exile university. In late June, a shipload of
Exile University students traveled south to Tianjin [Tientsin] under the
encouragement of Nationalist government authorities. However, at Tianjin, under
the dissension by undercover Communist students, Exile University students
mounted a protest against Tianjin garrison troops in demand of food and lodging
while turning down a Nationalist government request that the students joined the
army under a slogan "Fighting Back To Hometown". Several were shot dead. When
news spread to Jinzhou, Xia Dehong took charge of a joint student union of
Jinzhou in protest of the massacre, for which she was later arrested as a
Communist suspect and went through an execution session while standing
blindfolded with a real Communist.
Wei Lihuang maneuvered to have his
crony Chen Tie assemble all generals for an objection to high command's retreat
order, and at a private banquet, Wei Lihuang maneuvered to have Liao Yaoxiang
propose to Gu Zhutong a different path: 1) Nationalist government army dispatch
relief northward to Jinzhou from Huludao; Jinzhou & Huludao relief forces
break through eastward to converge with Shenyang army; and combined forces go
north to the relief of Changchun; 2) Shenyang forces go south to attack coastal
Yingkou and then attack Communist forces to the east of Jinzhou, with another
possibility of dispatching relief to Huludao from Yingkou by crossing the
Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea. After Gu Zhutong submitted Liao Yaoxiang's proposals,
Chiang Kai-shek telephoned Gu Zhutong with order of executing the original plan.
With Liao Yaoxiang finally giving in, Wei Lihuang managed to get Gu Zhutong
leave for Nanking by ordering that Liao Yaoxiang make preparatory works in
Xinmin city, to the northwest of Shenyang.
Lin Biao's Communist forces
made a stealthy march towards the south for Jinzhou city. General Fan Hanjie,
with Shen Xiangkui's N8C and Lu Junquan's 93C, failed to contract defense line.
Communists first concentrated heavy artillery against Yixian to the north of
Jinzhou, and two days later, on Oct 1st, took over Yixian county. Communist
forces then attacked Jinxi and Xingcheng to the southwest of Jinzhou. With
assurance from Fan Hanjie as to his determination to persist at Jinzhou in lieu
of a retreat to coastal Huludao, Chiang Kai-shek planned to call over
reinforcements from Shenyang for a duel with Communists. To reinforce Jinzhou,
Chiang Kai-shek air-lifted 49th Corps to Jinzhou for assistance with city
defense. Thereafter, Communist force totally surrounded Jinzhou.
On Oct
2nd, Chiang Kai-shek personally flew over to Shenyang, but Wei Lihuang
threatened him with resignation. Chiang Kai-shek assembled all officers above
division level and reminded them that they could be caught by CCP bandits (i.e.,
People's Liberation Army) should they still disobey his order. Wei Lihuang
privately claimed to Chen Tie & Peng Jieru that Chiang Kai-shek intended to
abandon Shenyang for Jinzhou in accordance with American instruction and that
Chiang Kai-shek would later punish him as a scapegoat for losing Shenyang. on
Oct 8th [Oct 6th per Jung Chang], Chiang Kai-shek flew to Huludao to organize
expedition force for converging with Shenyang withdrawal after dividing Shenyang
forces into Liao Yaoxiang's Liaoxi Group and Zhou Fucheng's Garrison Group. (Per
Jun Chang, Wei Lihuang did not follow the order till Oct 9th, and merely
dispatched Liao Yaoxiang's Liaoxi Group.) on Oct 9th, Chiang Kai-shek, riding on
Chongqing Warship, launched a futile attack at coastal Tashan with the support
of Zhou Zhirou's airforce.
250,000 Communist troops launched the siege
on Oct 8th. Xia Dehong managed to send in explosive to Jinzhou's Nationalist
government army arsenal. Colonel Ji had doubts about Xia Dehong's possible
involvement after the blast but was assured that Communist government would not
punish him. Cannon balls began to fly into the city indiscriminately. The whole
city was on fire. one such bomb pierced into the floor of a table inside of Xie
Dehong's residence but did not explode. Black markets disappeared, and people
could no longer buy food anywhere. Nationalist government army soldiers
retreated into the city from the outskirts on Oct 13th. At one time, dozen
soldiers asked for food at Xia Dehong's residence, but soon the iron wok was hit
by Communist shelling. on Oct 14th, 900 cannons, per Jung Chang, shelled at the
city. 14 cats sought asylum inside of Xia Dehong's residency. The next day,
Communist and Nationalist soldiers fought street battles. Soldiers from two
camps visited Xia Dehong's residency consecutively. Communist soldiers, with
white towers on left arms, knocked on the door. Nationalist government army
soldiers sought for plaincoats. Stepping out of the door, Xia Dehong could only
see scenes of broken body parts lying everywhere on the streets. A pregnant
woman in the neighborhood was killed by shelling, and lots of neighbors also
perished. Per Jung Chang, 20000 government army soldiers were killed, 80000
caught captive, and commander Fan Hanjie was caught alive while fleeing out of
the city.
On Oct 15th, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang again with Du
Yuming. Du Yuming privately told Wei Lihuang that the President (i.e., Chiang
Kai-shek) had dropped letters to Zheng Dongguo [in Changchun] and Fan Hanjie [in
Jinzhou] with authorizations of a breakout. Note that government army generals
dared not leave their posts without written order from Chiang Kai-shek
himself. After Jinzhou, Changchun was lost to CCP consecutively. 
After receiving the breakout order, Zheng Dongguo ordered that New
38th Division push to the position. on the night of Oct 17th, Zeng Zesheng's
60th Corps declared an uprising for the Communist camp, and cut Changchun city
into two parts. Zheng Dongguo sent a telegraph to Chiang Kai-shek about his
readiness to sacrifice life with Changchun, which was published on government
Central Daily on Oct 24th. However, the subordinate officers, i.e. Yang Youmei,
3 days ago, had already disarmed Zheng Dongguo to prevent him from a suicide.
On Oct 18th, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Shenyang again, and ordered a
recovery of Jinzhou by taking advantage of the casualty of 60,000 that CCP
forces had suffered in attacking Jinzhou. Zhao Jiaxiang repeated Wei Lihuang's
opinion that recovery of Jinzhou was not a good idea since CCP forces might
have outweighed Government troops by more than twice as much. Zhao Jiaxiang
stated that CCP could have as many as 800,000 men in Manchuria, with at
least 11 "zong dui" and several detached divisions, numbering 600-700k, around
the areas of Jinzhou, Heishan [black mountain] and Dahushan [big tiger
mountain], while CCP forces in Changchun area, numbering another 100,000, could
come southward to the siege of Shenyang at any time. The next day, Chiang
Kai-shek, from Peking, called over Wei Lihuang and Du Yuming, and blamed
everything on George Marshall when Fu Zuoyi declined to offer opinions. With Fu
Zuoyi backing, Wei Lihuang antagonized Chiang Kai-shek on the matter of
recovering Jinzhou. Still one more day later, Du Yuming proposed an alternative
approach of using Yingkou as a base for defending Shenyang as well as attacking
Heishan and Dahushan. However, Du Yuming refused to replace Wei Lihuang as the
commander, and furthermore, cited ancient tactics to advise against attacking
CCP forces in Jinzhou area.
On Oct 20th, Du Yuming and Wei Lihuang flew
back to Shenyang, with order that Liao Yaoxiang's Army Group, with an addition
of 207th Division of 6th Corps, attack Heishan and that Liu Yuzhang's 52nd Corps
attack Yingkou for securing the withdrawal route of Liao Yaoxiang. Secretly, Wei
Lihuang instructed Shenyang garrison division chief Wang Lihuan in guaranteeing
the peaceful transfer of Shenyang and its 2 million citizens to CCP.
on the
afternoon of Oct 25th, Liao Yaoxiang sent an urgent message over to Wei Lihuang,
stating that his army group had fallen into CCP forces' encirclement. At the
urge of Shenyang garrison commander Hu Jiaji who wished to save those soldiers
who had fought valiant wars in Burma Theater, Wei Lihuang telegraphed Liao
Yaoxiang for a speedy return to Shenyang. Liao Yaoxiang was surrounded by CCP
forces in Daheishan area, and by Oct 28th, Liao Yaoxiang was captured. Gone with
Liao Yaoxiang would be the New 1st Corps, i.e., war heroes of the Burma Theater.
Chiang Kai-shek later blamed Wei Lihuang for not dispatching relief forces to
Liao Yaoxiang.
With western Liaoning Prov settled, CCP Northeastern
Field Army dispatched 1st & 2nd "zong dui" against Shenyang and 7th, 8th
& 9th "zong dui" against Yingkou. Du Yuming was dispatched to Shenyang for
assisting Wei Lihuang & Zhou Fucheng in city defense. Shenyang still
possessed 53rd Corps, 6th Corps and 207th Division. Meantime, Gui Yongqing's
navy was sent to Yingkou for rescuing remnant Government troops. Du Yuming flew
on to Huludao for arranging retreat. 
As a caution
against Wei Lihuang's possible defection, Mme Chiang Kai-shek retrieved Wei
Lihuang's wife [Han Quanhua] to Nanking from Shenyang. on Oct 30th, Du Yuming
was advised against landing in Shenyang's Beiling Airport in northern outskirts.
Wang Shuming, airforce deputy commander, flew to Peking from Shenyang, leaving
one airplane inside of Shenyang civil airfield for Wei Lihuang.
On the
afternoon of Oct 30th, Wei Lihuang and his cronies flew away via a transport
plane at Dongta Airport after Zhao Jiaxiang cheated the stranded officers that
more planes were coming. Wei Lihuang, ordered to be investigated for dereliction
on Nov 10th, would stealthily fly to Canton in Dec for a fleeing to HK;
Nationalist government's secret agents caught Wei and put him under house arrest
in Nanking; Wei Lihuang would refuse to go to Taiwan after Li Zongren replaced
Chiang Kai-shek as "proxy president"; and Wei Lihuang slipped away to Shanghai
and onward to HK prior to CCP's crossing of the Yangtze River. Wei Lihuang was
invited back to China on March 15th 1955 and was appointed on the board of the
Chinese People's Political Consultative Committee.
Yingkou Retreat
Shenxi-Shanxi-Henan-Hubei Battleground
Li Xiannian's 16000
Troops & Wang Zhen's 3000 Troops Reduced to 200 Remnants Each
On
June 26th 1946, Li Xiannian's Central Plains Communist Forces secretively
converged upon Xuanhuadian of northeastern Hubei Province for a western
breakout. The Central Plains Communist Forces, other than Li Xiannian's troops,
also included Wang Zhen's two brigades which made their stealthy way to
Guangdong-Hunan borderline in the wake of 1944 Japanese Ichigo Campaign but had
to return north after failures to connect with Communist-controlled Dong-jiang
Guerrilla Force of Guangdong Province. Alternative Communist records cited by
Yang Bichuan, however, pasted a picture of resourceful Li Xiannian who faked
illness in the presence of the Three-Person Truce Panel and then jumped up to
issue the order of a western expedition right after the American and Nationalist
Army representatives left the scene. on 29th, Li Xiannian breached Nationalist
Army's defense line and arrived at Suixian & Zaoyang from Guangshui &
Huaxian. Wang Shusheng, with a contingent, then split apart to cross the
Han-shui River for Zhuxi from Nanzhang & Fangxi direction, by passing Mt
Wudangshan and Danjiangkou Lake to the north. Meanwhile, Li Xiannian's bulk of
the Communist troops, about 16,000, scurried towards Shaaxi-Henan borderline
through Dengxian county [Dengzhou city of Henan Province].
After 53 days of fierce fighting along 700 kilometers of mountain
roads and paths, Li Xiannian's 16000 troops and Wang Zhen's 3000 troops were
reduced to 200 remnants respectively. Nationalist Army side incurred a casualty
of 961 in comparison with 10,000 casualty for the Communist side, in addition to
2000 Communist prisoners of war [including a Communist-assigned provincial chair
by the name of Yang Jingyuan]. Bounty included 50 machineguns, thousands of
rifles and 130 horses and mules. Communist military leader Li
Xiannian hence lost his chips for the civil wars and forfeited the chance to
become a founding "marshal" of the PRC.
Hu Zongnan Routing Chen Geng's 40,000
Communist Troops In Southern Shanxi Province
In early June, right after
the June 7th Truce Order, Chen Geng's Communist Tai-yue [Mt Taiyueshan] Military
District of Southern Shanxi Province, with 9 brigades, launched a general strike
at Nationalist Army positions in southern Shanxi, sacked Xiaoyi, and encircled
Fenyang. By late July, Chen Geng sacked Jiangxian and Wenxi, paralyzed the
southern segment of Tong-Pu Railway, and continued the attacks to both
directions of the railway.
On Aug 7th, 47th Brigade defeated Chen Geng's Communist troops at
Zhangdian-zhen, and restored Zhangdianzhen-Maojindu Highway. on 8th, 31st
Brigade and 167th Brigade pushed north in parallel from Xiayi [Xiaxian], Anyi
and Yuncheng. By 11th, 167th Brigade sacked Wenxi.
On Sept 1st, Hu
Zongnan devised the campaign against Linfen. on 3rd, R1D [reorganized 1st
Division], and R30D continued to push northward. 47th Brigade of R27D pushed
north along Tong-Pu Railway. on 4th, 27B of R30D took over Dajiao-zhen, 78B of
R1D took over Yicheng, 47B of R27D took over Zhaoqu-zhen. on 6th, 78B entered
Linfen. Phase I of the campaign for securing southern segment of Tong-Pu Railway
was completed. Communist forces retreated towards Hongdong, Zhaocheng, Huoxian
[Huozhou] and Lingshi.
Liu Bocheng Attacking Long-Hai Railway
Relief To Yulin City In Northern Shenxi Province
On Oct
12th 1946, Communist troops launched an attack at Yulin of northern Shenxi
Province, a lonely city inside of the Yellow River sheath but sitting right on
the Great Wall line. Communist forces which withdrew from southern Shanxi
Province also came across the East Yellow River Bend and attacked Yulin area
together with 20,000 militia.
Taking advantage of Communist Yulin
Campaign, Hu Zongnan suggested to airforce commander Wang Shuming and Chief of
Staff Chen Cheng to initiate a direct raid into Communist base Yenan. However,
when Hu Zongnan went to Nanking on Oct 21st, Defense Department instructed that
Hu Zongnan's First Military District should consolidate the control in southern
Shanxi Province and then pincer-attack Liu Bocheng's Communist troops in
Changzhi area.
Pacification Of Qinling Ridge
In western Henan Province, Communist forces moved from Nanzhao on the east
end of Mt Funiushan to Lushi the west end. Multiple bands of Communist forces
were in the areas of Taoping & Manzhuang, including those under Huang Lin,
Wang Shizhen, Mao Kai & Gong Defang.
Hu Zongnan, to dispel the
Communist threats from Mt Funiushan and Mt Xiongershan, ordered that Wen Chaoji
of Shangxian Command Center take charge of 84th, 17th, 135th and 24th Brigades
in sweeping the area. From early Sept to mid-November, dozens of engagements
ensued, resulting in the death toll of over 5000 for the communist forces.
However, by late November, Communist forces re-assembled into 10,000 and more.
Communist forces had been able to scurry around without worries about
supply and recruitment as a result of strict implementation of "neighborhood
watch", i.e., a collective punishment system, designed to punish the family
members or neighbors should they fail to supply grains or provide recruits.
Stephen R. Mackinnon and Oris Friesen, in China Reporting, pointed out what John
Fairbank had confessed in the 1980s as one of the weaknesses of American
reporters in then China, namely, they did not speak Chinese and never got a
chance to access a Chinese peasant to observe what the Communist revolution was
like in the countryside. Stephen R. Mackinnon and Oris Friesen, like John
Faibank, probably never knew that Communists had a system of using kids or the
so-called 'young pioneers' as sentry to the extent that no stranger could
slipped into Communist-held territory without detection. Nor did they know that
in Communist-controlled area, all able-bodied males were drafted into war
efforts, with only women running show, including restaurants and hotels where
the Chinese tradition used to bar women from such service.
Raid Into Yenan 
Hu Zongnan had been contemplating an attack at Communist base Yenan several
times. The only hurdle lies in the presence of American military observers in
Yenan. With "Three-Person Military Truce Panel" dissolved on Jan 30th, both
the Communists and the Nationalists no longer had any restraints. on Jan 31st
1947, Communist troops suddenly attacked the blockade line again and defeated
four columns of Shenxi Provincial Constabulary Regiment. The 2nd Battalion of
268th Constabulary Regiment incurred heavy loss. The Jan 31st attack was
construed as pre-meditated since Communist troops at Tongguan-zhen boasted of
four regiments, and those at Malan-zhen possessed the numbering of 3 separate
divisions. In northern Shenxi Province, Communist side possessed about 70,000
militia and 60,000 troops in total, including 8th, 10th & 39th Brigades,
Garrison 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 11th Brigades. Additionally, Communist troops
which could easily cross the Yellow River Bend from Shanxi Province would be
Wang Zhen's two brigades of 358th & 359th [rebuilt] or 7000 men, Chen Geng's
three brigades of 10th, 12th & 24th or 15000 men, and Heh Long's three
brigades or 10000 men.
on Feb 28th,
Hu Zongnan moved his command center northwestward to Binzhou from Sanyuan for a
planned attack at Qingyang of Gansu Province. on the same day, Hu Zongnan and
Sheng Wen were called over to Nanking to brief Chiang Kai-shek on the 'Raid Into
Yenan' campaign. On March 1st, at 10:00 am, in Defense Department, Liu Fei
[Liu Weizhang], a Communist mole, expressed satisfaction with the campaign plan.
At night, at 9:00 pm, Hu & Sheng visited Chiang. Consensus was reached for
halting attacks at Qingyang-Heshui of Gansu Province, and general attacks would
be delayed to March 14th. Hu Zongnan returned on March 3rd. (Sheng Wen
recollections claimed that he had deliberately kept Liu Fei in the dark about
the details of the "Raid Into Yenan", for which Liu Fei had expressed deep
resentment thereafter. one more trick played by Hu Zongnan and Sheng Wen would
be the recall of 1st Corps to Shenxi Province in the aftermath of Wazijie
Battle while pretending to Liu Fei that they had no clue where the 1st Corps
was in Henan Province.)
On March 4th, Communist troops launched an
attack at 48th Brigade at Xihuachi. Brigade Chief Heh Qi was killed.
To scare
away Americans from Yenan, about 94 planes were called over from Shanghai,
Xuzhou & Xi'an for bombing the Communist positions around Yenan on 13th.
General attack was launched at dawn of 14th as planned. Americans did not leave
Yenan till the last minute, i.e., 12th/13th, after apparently serving as
voluntary Communist 'hostages' for sake of having all Communist cadres in
Shanghai, Nanking and Peking fly back to Yenan. Flying above Yenan, the last
members of the Dixie Mission
witnessed the blow-up of the Yenan airport as promised by the Communists.
(Jung Chang's labeling Hu Zongnan as a Communist spy being a fallacy,
historians' pointing to the Communist mole Xiong Xianghui had no merit either.
As illustrated above, the Communist mole Liu Fei had been responsible for having
Hu Zongnan halt the Qingyang-Heshui Campaign in Feb and then personally went
over the campaign draft with Hu Zongnan. The only reason Mao Tse-tung had to
hastily vacate Yenan was his over-confidence in his garrison troops. Though
Communist side always called it a fake as to Hu Zongnan's claim of taking about
9000 Communist prisoners of war, the one-week battles between the two sides,
being never a blitz raid in nature as claimed in history books, were not merely
a strategic retreat war for the Communists but a premeditated attack-and-defense
engagement involving hundred thousand troops on two sides, respectively.)
Jung Chang called four
names, Zhang Zhizhong, Shao Lizi, Hu Zongnan and Wei Lihuang, as communist
spies. As numerous people recalled in their memoirs, Zhang Zhizhong appeared to
be the only person daring to call Chiang Kai-shek by "Mr. Chiang" in post-1949
Communist China. However, Zhang Zhizhong, taking himself to be an erudite,
repeatedly fell short of expectations. At the Battle of Shanghai in 1937, Zhang
took a bike to the front to avoid the Japanese plane bombing, and later found an
excuse to go to the hind to report to Chiang Kai-shek while people were looking
for him at the front, which led to a rebuke from Chiang Kai-shek over the phone.
Zhang then further had dereliction of duty while being empowered as chair of
Hunan Province, under whose jurisdiction the scorched-earth policy was
mal-executed in Changsha. However, we could not blame Zhang Zhizhong 100% for
his being blindsided by the communist propaganda. The agriculturalist Liang
Su-ming, i.e, China's last Confucian, for another example, was hoodwinked by the
communists even though he himself walked across Japan-occupied territories to
have witnessed the communist brigands' killing of his student-desciples who were
waging guerrilla war against the Japanese behind the enemy's line. (Yang
Xiufeng, an Europe/Moscow-returnee who later in 1947/8 ran the communist
People's University to vivisect live government army captives [including one
young Burma battle veteran who walked to the west from coastal Zhejiang as a
teenager during the 1937 China's Dunkirk Retreat and did not return home to see his
mother for next 12 years], was one such most notorious dupe who in 1935 returned
to China to instigate anti-government activities in Tientsin, took advantage of
the Ho-Umezu Agreement to rebuild the communist cells in North China, and from
1937 onward was responsible for the communist administration in Japan-occupied
territories of North China. Unfortunately for numerous R.O.C. officials and
officers, their cognizance of the monstrous nature of communists came too late,
often at the time of massive executions in 1950s.)
For further
comments on the validity of accusations against "four moles", please see Jung Chang's
accusations against Zhang Zhizhong, Shao Lizi, Hu Zongnan and Wei Lihuang.
| * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien
Conquests in A.D. 1279,
A.D. 1644
& A.D. 1949 *
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" * |
While Westad, who read Freda Utley,
concurred with the number of 9000 Communist prisoners of war, his common
friends, i.e., Jung Chang and Jonathan Fenbie, were apparently left in the dark.
All three definitely have no clue as to Hu Zongnan's battles against the
Communists, like Campaign
of Jing-he & Wei-he Rivers, Campaign of
Ankang, Campaign of
Wugong.
Dozen years later, Nationalist government officials
were still debating whether Liu Fei was a Communist and/or when Liu Fei had
become a Communist [since Zheng Jiemin confirmed that Liu Fei had attempted to
instigate him for the Communist camp in HK in 1949], not knowing that Liu Fei
had been converted while having overseas studies in Japan. This webmaster does
not know how Liu Fei was converted, but does point out in Terror how Communists had
married a 15-year-old girl to General Yang Hucheng, corrupted Xu Enceng [via
Qian Zhuangfei's sex arrangement], and sent a young nurse to General He Yaozu, a
practice adopted as recently as in 1971-2 when Mao Tse-tung repeatedly offered
Henry Kissinger any number of Chinese women the American emissary might desire.
Off the record would be how Wang Bing-nan's German wife seduced the American
reporters [i.e., John Fairbank and Joe Stilwell gang] in Wuhan the "China's
Madrid" in 1938. Up to year 2005, Li Wangshu, at huanghuagang.org/issue11/index_big5.htm, still put blame on Li
Zongren & Bai Chongxi for having recommended Lie Fei for overseas studies
and subsequent service under Chiang Kai-shek. See this
webmaster's comments on "criticisms of Li Zongren's criticisms of Chiang
Kai-shek". Should you ask what's the big deal here about Liu Fei, then this
webmaster want to remind you that dozens of millions of Chinese had died in vain
in 20th century, and many more will continue to become victims absent a correct
cognizance of true historical events.)
Videos about China's Resistance War: China's Dunkirk Retreat (in English); 42
Video Series (in Chinese)
| |||||||||
| ||
| * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien
Conquests in A.D. 1279,
A.D. 1644
& A.D. 1949 *
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" * |
Peng Dehuai's Three Minor Victories
On the 19th,
the 167th Brigade pushed towards Yenan at dawn, and took over Mt Baotashan
[treasure pogada mountain] by 7:00 am. the 78th Brigade took over the high hill
on the southern bank of the Yan-he River. A commando company of the 1st Brigade,
together with the 167th Brigade, walked across the Yan-he River, defeated the
communist defenders at the citywall, and penetrated into Yenan. The Communist
troops retreated towards the Wayaobao and Ansai directions. The Communist "Radio
of Handan" in Hebei Province first acknowledged the loss of Yenan on the 21st.
The bulk of the Communist forces hid themselves in Ganguyi-Qinghuabian area, to
the northeast of Yenan. Hu Zongnan made a wrong judgment call, thinking that the
Communist troops went to the northwest of Yenan, i.e., the Ansai direction. Hu
Zongnan's biography claimed to have inflicted a total casualty of 16606 onto the
Communist side and further captured 9625 Communist soldiers. Bounty included 30
machineguns, 2243 rifles, and 29 grenade-throwers. The Communist side
subsequently discounted the Nationalist claim and claimed that they had
abandoned Yenan strategically on March 19th. Mao Tse-tung himself, with about
200 staff and 3 companies of garrison troops organized themselves into a 'Kunlun
Detachment', parted with Liu Shaoqi's half of the CCP Central which crossed the
Yellow River for the Shanxi-Hebei Provinces. Mao's half CPC Central staff
trekked towards Wangjiacun Village of Jingbian near the Ordos desert. The
communists, who were overconfident of the defence of Yenan, did not get enough
time to prepare for the pullout, with Mao's stuff still left in the cave house.
To the northeast of Yenan, the 92nd Regiment of the 31st Brigade was
ambushed and surrounded in a valley around 10:00 am on the 25th while en route
to Qinghuabian, with Regiment Chief Xie Yangmin and Brigade Chief Li Jiyun taken
prisoners of war by the Communist side. The Battle of Qinghuabian would be the
first Communist victory which was achieved by Peng Dehuai [the CCP Central's
Deputy Chair for the Military Committee] & Xi Zhongxun [the CCP Northwestern
Bureau Secretary] by combining the forces of the Independent 4th Brigade, the
Teaching Brigade, the New 4th Brigade, and Wang Zhen's 358th Brigade of the 1st
Echelon and the 359th Brigade of the 2nd Echelon. The Communist side claimed to
have destroyed about 2900 Nationalist Army soldiers while their Independent 1st
Brigade was set aside as reserves during the battle.
On the 6th, at
Yongping-zhen, the R30D was ambushed by the Communist troops of the 359th
Brigade, Teaching 1st Brigade & Independent 1st Brigade. After 24 hour
fighting, the Communist troops retreated at dawn of April 7th. on the 8th, Hu
Zongnan's 1st Corps converged towards Qinghuabian while the 29th Corps converged
towards Panlong, i.e., two towns to the southwest of Yongping-zhen. on the 12th,
the 1st Corps pushed against Mudanchuan [peony village]. on the 14th, the 1st
Corps and 29th Corps fought against the Communist troops from morning to 9:00 pm
at night. Meantime, four brigades of the Communist troops, headed by Wang Zhen
& Zhang Xianyue, ambushed the 135th Brigade at Sanlangcha & Yangmahe
while Heh Bingyan & Liao Hansheng's Communist troops were ordered by Peng
Dehuai towards the Panlong area for impeding Hu Zongnan's relief army. 135th
Brigade Chief Mai Zongyu and two regiment chiefs hence went missing in battle.
The Communist side claimed to have destroyed about 2000 Nationalist Army
soldiers at the Battle of Yangmahe per Yang Bichuan.
On April 15th, the
1st Corps and 29th Corps defeated the Communist troops led by Heh Bingyan &
Liao Hansheng, and then pushed against Lijiacha & Wayaobao, respectively. on
the 16th, the two corps of the Nationalist Army troops retook Wayaobao and
Lijiacha subsequently. on the 18th, the two corps returned southward for grain
supply. on the 19th, the 29th Corps, en route to Yongping, met with Peng
Dehuai's Communist troops in the Xinch[]he-Cuishudou-Da(s)guicun area. The
Communist troops consisted of Zhang Zongxun's 1st Echelon [the 358th Brigade,
the Independent 1st Brigade & the Garrison 3rd Brigade] and Wang Zhen's 2nd
Echelon [the 359th Brigade, the New 4th Brigade, the Independent 4th Brigade
& Teaching 2nd Brigade]. Hu Zongnan's 1st Corps came to the aid of the 29th
Corps. Fighting continued from 8:00 am of the 19th to 7:00 pm of the 20th.
Altogether seven Communist attacks were repelled. Hu Zongnan claimed to have
killed 1984 Communist troops.
During the Campaign of Suide, Wang Zhen
led a circumvential attack at the Nationalist Army 84th & 167th Brigade at
Qinghuabian and Panlong-bao in the south, respectively. First attack at
Panlong-bao occurred at the night of May 2nd. Peng Dehuai was said to have
invoked a Communist "military democracy" by holding soldier meetings for
discussions on ways to breach the defense ditches around Panlong. The
Nationalist Army relief army from Ganquan in the north was impeded at
Qinghuabian. By the midnight of May 4th, Li Kungang's 167th Brigade had used up
the ammunition. Li Kungang went missing after he and his remnants broke through
the siege. With Panlong lost, the Nationalist Army troops lost a major logistics
center. The Communist side claimed to have destroyed 6700 troops of the 167th
Brigade per Yang Bichuan, which was possibly exaggerated since the defenders
were merely a reinforced regiment.
Continuous Campaigns In Northern
Shenxi Province
On June 4th, the 1st Corps retook Ansai, and the 29th
Corps arrived at Zhanmengou. on the 5th, the 1st Corps took over Gaoqiao to the
southwest of Ansai, and the 29th Corps retook Panlong. on the 7th, the 1st Corps
arrived at the south-north division point of Pass Shengrenyaoxian [Xinyaoxian],
and the 29th Corps arrived near Yanjiatai. on the 8th, the 1st Corps attacked
the Communist troops near Bao'an, and the 29th Corps pushed towards the
Communist troops at Qingyangcha. on the 9th, the 29th Corps took over
Woniucheng. Hu Zongnan's troops took over Bao'an [Zhidan], inflicted a casualty
of 5000 onto the Communist troops, captured 9 mountain guns, 200000 rounds of
bullets and 40 bundles of cotton. Those Communist troops who went northwest then
trekked towards the Huanxian county of Gansu Province.
Hu Zongnan then
organized the campaign on the two banks of the Luo-he River. From the 14th
onward, the 1st & 29th Corps sifted through mountains and valleys on the two
banks of the Luo-he River. By the 15th, the bulk of the Communist troops, after
a minor loss, dissipated for the northwest direction.
Meantime, on the
14th, the Communist siege of Huanxian county of Gansu Province started. The next
day, the Communist siege troops converged into 10000 or more. on June 26th, Hu
Zongnan implemented his traditional "regional sweep campaign" by carving up
areas for his troops, with the 1st Corps in charge of the areas of
Panlong-Longan-Longmianshi-Gaoqiao-Yenan, the 29th Corps in charge of the areas
of Gaoqiao-Dingbianji-CHenjiazhifang and Dingbianji-Zhangjiawan-Fuxian-Ganquan,
the R90D in charge of Heishuishi-Taibaizhen, and the 24B of R76D in charge of
Wayaobao-Yanchuan-Qingjian. By the middle of July, the new approach of "using
the Nationalist Army troops' stillness against the moving Communist troops"
worked out after the Communist troops vacated Qingjian-Anding-Bao'an for
Suide-Mizhi in the north. Xu Zhen, after discussions with deputy division chief
Xu Liangyu, confirmed that the April loss of Panlong was due to Nanking's
instructions even though 1st Division Chief Luo Lie repeatedly objected to a
deep push towards Suide-Mizhi. The Political affairs committee came in to
stabilize the villages and towns. Hu Zongnan made a visit to Yenan on July 16th
and Ganquan on the 19th for firsthand observation of the revitalized communities
and businesses in the pacified area, and attributed the accomplishment to
efforts of 17th Division Chief Heh Wending.
The Siege of Yulin &
the Battle of Shadian
Hu Zongnan then devised a three phase attack
against the Communist troops, with an intent to have a duel by the West Yellow
River Bend by pushing towards Longan-Liangdaowan-Jingbian for phase one,
Anding-Lengyaobao-Longzhou for phase two, and Qilinzhen-Hengshan for phase
three. Campaign started on Aug 3rd. Two days later, Peng Dehuai’s Communist
troops took initiative in laying siege of Yulin & Xiangshuibao in the north
with a combined force of 40000 consisting of the 1st, 3rd, 4th & 6th
Brigades as well as the communist militia from Xinglin, Kelan [Shanxi],
Huanglong & Tianshui [Gansu]. on the 12th, the R36D arrived at Baoningbao,
and by previous midnight, the herald troops already arrived at Yulin. The
Communist troops then withdrew the siege of Yulin on the 12th and went for the
area of Shuanglinbao-Zhenchuanbao-Mizhi on the 13th.
Hu Zongnan ordered
that Zhong Song led the R36D southward towards Guidebao, about half way between
Yulin and Yuhebao. on the 19th, Peng Dehuai submitted the battle plan to Mao
Tse-tung, i.e., surrounding and attacking the R36D around Shadian [Shajiadian].
At dawn of the 20th, the 165th, 55th & 123rd Brigades under Zhong Song were
ambushed by the Communist troops at Longchuanbao-Shadian-Liupo-Shaping-Wulong.
The three Nationalist Army brigades, cut off from each other by the Communist
troops, fought their way out. Zhong Song and his 123rd & 165th Brigades fled
to the east, while portion of the troops fled south. Till dusk, the Communist
side claimed to have destroyed about 6000 Nationalist Army troops. By the time
the Nationalist Army 29th Corps arrived at Shadian, the Communist troops had
dissipated. Hu Zongnan, who wrote in his diary on the night of the 20th that he
was worried about the fate of Zhong Song and his division command center, would
be extremely delighted after receiving a telegram from Zhong Song on Aug 22nd.
Zhong Song reported that he and the 84th Regiment were blocking Communist troops
from fleeing across the Wuding-he River on the west bank, between Zhenchuanbao
and Mizhi.
The Ambush Battle At Wazijie
& the Siege of Yichuan
On Jan 25th, 1948, the Defense Department
ordered that Hu Zongnan's pacification office moved to Luoyang of Henan
Province, with a deadline of Feb 5th for launching a campaign against the
Communist troops in Henan Province. Hu Zongnan, in order to put off Liu Fei's
high order, would have Pei Changhui head a 5th Army Group in lieu of a move of
the pacification office away from Xi'an. Pei Changhui, sitting in Shanzhou,
would be in charge of the 78th & 167th Brigades of the R1D and the 123rd
& 165th Brigades of the R26D. The 1st Brigade of the R1D and the 28th
Brigade of the R36D would station in-between Shanzhou and Lingbao. Another three
constabulary regiments were to be organized by Henan Province for defending the
Yellow River line.
Jung Chang's "Mao The Unknown Story", which was built on top of
Zhang Zhenglong's "Snow White, Blood Red" in the section on wars in Manchuria,
had claimed to have dug out page 39 of Xu Zhen's writing on General Hu Zongnan.
on page 39, Xu Zhen talked about the friendship of Hu Zongnan and Hu Gongmian
during the early days of the Whampoa Military Academy; however, Hu Zongnan, like
Dai Li, happened to be only two Chiang Kai-shek cronies who had set up the
"disabled militarymen funds", which was illustrative of the human compassion the
two had for their acquaintances no matter friend or foe. During the chase of the
Red Army Fourth Flank, Hu Zongnan often inquired with the Communist prisoners of
war as to the status of Red Army General Cai Shenxi,
i.e., another Red who once served as a subordinate in the Whampoa times. It
would not be strange that someone else who had perused pages of Xu Zhen's book
had mentioned this matter before Jung Chang picked it up for her book. Hu
Gongmian, who was possibly responsible for saving Chiang Kai-shek during the
1926 Zhongshanjian
Warship Incident and had renounced the Communist membership during 1927
Purge, was fetched by the Communists for a persuasion against Hu Zongnan before
the Ankang
Campaign which would be hundreds of battles and campaigns ignored by the
history and historians up to today. Though Jung Chang had provided an impressive
bibliography of hundreds of books, this webmaster is utterly convinced that
Jung Chang did not read Xu Zhen's book on Hu Zongnan but just the specific
pages. Jung Chang's bibli, however, had listed the Chinese Communist side of
the boastful and untruthful claims as to Peng Dehuai's three victories against
Hu Zongnan as well as the so-called empty Yenan at the time Hu Zongnan
sacked the Communist base. The fallacy of Luding Iron
Chain Bridge being refuted by this webmaster separately, Jung Chang had
committed the same mistake as the rest in repeating and ascertaining a so-called
American 3 billion aid to Nationalist China, which this webmaster had discounted
as "Acheson 2 Billion
Crap", as well as the fake numbers of the Communist troops at the time of
Japan surrender.
Jung Chang called
four names, Zhang Zhizhong, Shao Lizi, Hu Zongnan and Wei Lihuang, as communist
spies. As numerous people recalled in their memoirs, Zhang Zhizhong appeared to
be the only person daring to call Chiang Kai-shek by "Mr. Chiang" in post-1949
Communist China. However, Zhang Zhizhong, taking himself to be an erudite,
repeatedly fell short of expectations. At the Battle of Shanghai in 1937, Zhang
took a bike to the front to avoid the Japanese plane bombing, and later found an
excuse to go to the hind to report to Chiang Kai-shek while people were looking
for him at the front, which led to a rebuke from Chiang Kai-shek over the phone.
Zhang then further had dereliction of duty while being empowered as chair of
Hunan Province, under whose jurisdiction the scorched-earth policy was
mal-executed in Changsha. However, we could not blame Zhang Zhizhong 100% for
his being blindsided by the communist propaganda. The agriculturalist Liang
Su-ming, i.e, China's last Confucian, for another example, was hoodwinked by the
communists even though he himself walked across Japan-occupied territories to
have witnessed the communist brigands' killing of his student-desciples who were
waging guerrilla war against the Japanese behind the enemy's line. (Yang
Xiufeng, an Europe/Moscow-returnee who later in 1947/8 ran the communist
People's University to vivisect live government army captives [including one
young Burma battle veteran who walked to the west from coastal Zhejiang as a
teenager during the 1937 China's Dunkirk Retreat and did not return home to see his
mother for next 12 years], was one such most notorious dupe who in 1935 returned
to China to instigate anti-government activities in Tientsin, took advantage of
the Ho-Umezu Agreement to rebuild the communist cells in North China, and from
1937 onward was responsible for the communist administration in Japan-occupied
territories of North China. Unfortunately for numerous R.O.C. officials and
officers, their cognizance of the monstrous nature of communists came too late,
often at the time of massive executions in 1950s.)
For further
comments on the validity of accusations against "four moles", please see Jung Chang's
accusations against Zhang Zhizhong, Shao Lizi, Hu Zongnan and Wei Lihuang.
| * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien
Conquests in A.D. 1279,
A.D. 1644
& A.D. 1949 *
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of
Manchuria * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" * |
Meantime, Peng Dehuai's 50,000
Communist troops, after two months' political studies, made stealthy march
towards Yichuan on Feb 23rd. The plan was to lay siege of the Nationalist Army
24th Brigade at Yichuan while ambushing Hu Zongnan's relief armies of four
brigades at the Wazijie Valley next to Yichuan. The Communist troops, totaling
80,000, including troops from Shanxi Province across the Yellow River, dealt a
total defeat onto Hu Zongnan's troops of about 28000. By March 2nd, the campaign
was over with the fall of Yichuan which was defended by nthe ewly-organized
Nationalist Army 24th Brigade which nevertheless inflicted a casualty of close
to over 6000 onto the Communist troops. Hu Zongnan, absent his 1st Corps [which
was routed to the Henan battlefield under the order of the undercover communist
tactician at the defense department in Nanking], could merely wait to watch in
agony the annihilation of Liu Kan's 29th Corps by the Communist troops. 27th
Division Chief Wang Yingzun and two brigade chiefs escaped alive.
Campaign of the Jing-he & Wei-he Rivers
To build on top
of the Yichuan Campaign, the Communist troops consecutively launched the
Campaign of Jing-he & Weihe Rivers. Hu Zongnan promptly withdrew the 17th
Division from Yenan. Two brigades of the Nationalist Army R65D were airlifted to
Xi'an from Shandong Province. The Youth Army, which was disbanded at the time of
the Japanese surrender, was invoked for defending the Jing-he River. The armies
which were sent to Henan Province per undercover communist agent Liu Fei's order
were recalled. After seventeen days of fighting, Hu Zongnan's army inflicted a
casualty of 27000 onto Peng Dehuai's communist troops and captured 3800
prisoners of war. The situation in eastern Gansu Province and southern Shenxi
Province hence stabilized.
Tactician Sheng Wen, being called to
Nanking, was cleared of the wrongdoings after Chiang Kai-shek ascertained i)
that it was the Defense Department which had relocated three divisions to Henan
Province and ii) that it was the Defense Department which ordered the defense
and relief of Yichuan. At one time, Chiang Kai-shek rebuked Sheng Wen as to the
accusation that Liu Fei had acted like a Communist spy, saying how could his
tactician of 11 years be a Communist.
Fu Zuoyi's
Campaigns of Suiyuan, Datong, Jining, Ji-zhong & Zhangjiakou
Jiangsu-Shandong
Battleground
With the
June 1946 eruption of war resulting from Li Xiannian's scurrying for the
Qin-ling Ridge from Henan-Hubei Provincial borderline, the Nationalist
government issued a general attack by pushing northward towards the Long-Hai
Railway from the Yangtze River, from Hankou of Hubei Province to
Nanking-Shanghai. Per Mao Sen, Chiang Kai-shek personally went to Zhenjiang for
directing the campaign. Tang Enbo, empowered as the commander of the 1st Army
Group, was ordered to push across the Yangtze into Communist-held northern
Jiangsu Province on July 12th. The troops consisted of those formerly from Gu
Zhutong's 3rd War Zone [the 25th Division] and Wang Yaowu's 4th Front Army [the
73rd, 83rd & 11th Divisions], not Tang Enbo's original 3rd Front Army. The
communists, who had sent the so-called crack 8RA and N4A troops to Manchuria in
1945, had rebuilt the troops in Shandong and Jiangsu by utilizing the one-year
truce time.
The Campaign of Northern Jiangsu Province
On the
13th, Hu Lian's 11th Division, departing from Nantong in the east, engaged in
fierce battles with the Communist troops at Baipu, while Huang Baitao's 25th
Division fought against the Communist troops at Shaobo, about 15 kilometers to
the north of Yangzhou. Shaobo, termed the "Iron Southern Heavenly Gate" by the
Communists, was sacked by Huang Baitao in collaboration with Chen Shizhang per
Mao Sen. on the 14th, Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division, i.e., the middle prong,
encountered the Communist troops at Taixing. The first round of battles cost the
Nationalist armies the defeat of the 118th [?brigade] from the 11th Division
[formerly Chen Cheng's 18th Corps] and two regiments of the 56th Brigade from
the 83rd Division.
After
Shaobo, Huang Baitao's 25th Division parted with the 83rd Division for Xinghua
to the northeastern direction, while the 83rd Division continued north along the
Canal. By late July, the 83rd Division arrived at Gaoyou after a small battle.
By the middle of August, Ding Zhipan's 6th Division incurred half loss at
several villages to the east of Rugao, while two transportation police
contingents, with trucks and motorcycles, were completely overwhelmed by the
Communist troops.
After passing the Gaoyou-Xinghua-Dongtai line, the
Nationalist troops no longer encountered any significant Communist forces. Near
Liucang and Wuyou towns, to the south of Yancheng, the 25th Division fought
against the Communists for half a month. While the 25th Division sacked Yancheng
to the east, the 74th Division pushed against the Canal city Huaiyin to the
west. on Sept 6th, Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division began to attack the
heavily-fortified and trenched city. Then, two brigades of the 74th Division
detached to attack Lianshui to the northeast. Lianshui was held at a casualty of
about half on the part of the two brigades. Meanwhile, Huaiyin fell after ten
days' bombardment, with a few Communist prisoners caught alive. Mao Sen, in his
recollections, pointed out that Zhang Lingfu had replenished his troops with few
thousand Communist soldiers who had turned their guns at the Battle of
Menglianggu in May 1947. At Huaiyin, Tang Enbo's Army Group celebrated the Oct
10th National Day.
Battle of Caozhou
Li Mi's Campaign Along Qingdao-Jinan Railway
Battle of Laiwu
Ou Zhen's army group, with
about eight divisions, pushed north against Linyi from Taierzhuang, Xinan-zhen
and Chengdou. From the north, the Nationalist troops departed Ji'nan the
provincial capital, including Li Xianzhou's divisions of the 73rd, R46D, 12th
& 96th [96 ???? not listed in caibing baijiang pp 984]. Haan Liancheng's
R46D, which was formerly Xia Wei's Guangxi Province Army, had just arrived in
Qingdao in Jan 1947 and then transported to Boshan via the Qingdao-Jinan
Railway.
On Feb 15th, Chen Yi & Su Yu abandoned Linyi, i.e., the
Yenan Minor. The Communist forces, after the frustrations in the defense wars,
had adopted the strategy of "mobile warfare" and "sudden assault warfare". on
Feb 18th, the communist East China Field Army issued the No. 4 Order to attack
Li Xianzhou's troops by calling the Communist 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th
and 10th "zong dui" and the local auxiliary force. [The Communist propaganda
claimed to have mobilized three "zong dui" for the Laiwu Campaign.]
To
the northeast direction, Wang Jianan and Xu Shiyou launched a general attack at
the Nationalist Army 77th Division and killed Tian Junjian during battle. on the
night of the 22nd, the Communist force launched a general attack at Laiwu. The
R46D engaged with the Communist 2nd & 7th "zong dui" in a hell of fire on
the mountains and hills to the south of Laiwu. 
Li
Xianzhou, after watching the fight on the citywall, then ordered a pullback of
the R46D to the north bank of the Ru-he River so as to induce the Communist
force to the river area for an annihilation. once the Communist force was half
crossing the river, Li Xianzhou ordered a bombardment and then have troops on
the citywall and on the north bank launch a counterattack. Part of the 73rd
Corps charged out of the city to fight the Communist force on the two banks of
the river. After one night's fighting, the Communist force retreated back to the
hills. At the west gate, the Communist force launched several unsuccessful
attacks. To the northwest of Laiwu would be two hilltops, the western one of
which was lost to the Communist force at midnight. Li Xianzhou dispatched
portion of the 73rd Corps to circumvent to the northwest of the western hilltop
for recovering the hilltop. By dawn of the 23rd, Li Xianzhou's troops wrestled
back the hilltop under the cannon support. Then, Li Xianzhou ordered the
evacuation by having the 73rd Corps and R46D retreat towards Tusikou along two
Laiwu-Tusikou highways.
En
route, undercover communist Haan Liancheng slipped away to hide himself in a
blockhouse together with Yang Side, a Communist agent sent over to the R46D as a
staff tactician. Shortly after vacating Laiwu, Airforce Deputy Commander Wang
Shuming informed Li Xianzhou over the plane radio that the Communist forces were
converging upon Tusikou. Back at Laiwu, the Communist 4th "zong dui" filled in
the vacuum at noon. one hour later, the Communist forces descended upon Li
Xianzhou's troops in a human wave attack. Li Xianzhou, having received a shot in
the leg, passed out before finding himself among the soldiers shepherded by the
Communist force. After four hours' fighting, 73rd Corps Chief and Deputy Chief
Haan Junn and Li Yan, Division Chief Yang Ming & Xiao Chongguang all became
the Communist prisoners of war. 175th Brigade Chief Gan Chengcheng of the 46th
Division was caught alive while fleeing on a horse. only N36D Chief Cao Zhenduo
managed to flee from the battleground.
55th Regiment Chief Guan Yuheng
from the N19D under the R46D, being left behind by the Communist force over
battle wounds after an offer of some Communist currency, managed to walk five
kilometers to the southwest where he encountered R25D Chief Huang Baitao. After
arriving in Xuzhou, Guan Yuheng was escorted along to Bengbu of Anhui Province
where Xia Wei was director of the 8th Pacification Region. Unexpectedly, Guan
Yuheng found out that Haan Liancheng had arrived at Bengbu ahead of him, and
then in Nanking, Haan Liancheng made arrangement for Guan Yuheng to stay in a
hospital and then ship him to hometown in Guangxi Province. Haan Liancheng,
after faking his story of 400 kilometer breakout, went to the Northwest where he
continued his espionage activity on behalf of the Communist. It would be in
early 1949 that the Guangxi clique figured out Haan Liancheng's liaison with the
Communists when Hai Jingqiang, being one of the officers released as a show of
goodwill for the 1948 peace talks, reported that Haan Liancheng was seeing him
off at the Peking's airport. And, it would be during the 1960 amnesty that Li
Xianzhou was told by Zhou Enlai of Haan Liancheng's Communist identity. (Haan
Liancheng failed to lead R46D for an uprising because his three brigade chiefs,
i.e., Hai Jingqiang [188B], Gan Chengcheng [175B] and Cao Wei [??? Jiang Xiong
N19D], were either nephews of or related to Li Zongren & Bai Chongxi.
However, Haan Liancheng, who disguised himself by begging Ma Hongkui for a
pardon as to his desertation of the Northwestern Army over the Communist
activity in early years, had deliberately requested with the National Defense
Department for a Jan 1947 relocation to the Northern China battlefields from the
Hainandao Island in the South under the Communist auspice. )
The
Campaign of Linyi-Mengyin
On March 4th, 1947, Chiang Kai-shek revoked
the pacification offices of Zhengzhou [Henan Province] and Xuzhou [Shandong
Province], and conferred Gu Zhutong the post of commander for the Xuzhou
Frontline Office of the Infantry General Command Center. Gu Zhutong's strategy
would be to take control of southern Shandong Province and then press the
Communist troops for a duel in central Shandong Province by taking advantage of
Chen Yi's defeats at the Battle of Linyi and Liu Bocheng's defeats at the Battle
of Yu-dong [eastern Henan Province].
By early April, Ou Zhen and Tang
Enbo had cleared the Yanzhou-Linyi Highway, while Wang Jingjiu had cleared the
Yanzhou-Jinan Segment of the Jin-Pu Railway and took control of Taian &
Dawenkou. Chen Yi & Su Yu's Communist Eastern China Field Army, after
measuring the distance between the three Nationalist army groups, attempted to
launch an attack at Tang Enbo's 1st Army Group by relocating the communist
troops to the south. Chen Yi & Su Yu then halted the southern move and
turned the Communist troops to the Xintai-Mengyin area. on April 22nd, the
Communist Eastern China Field Army attacked the Nationalist Army Reorganized
72nd Division at Taian, a city on the Jin-Pu Railway. Four days later, Taian was
sacked. R72D Division Chief Yang Wenquan and 13th & 34th Brigade Chief Yang
Bengu and Li Zeming were caught alive by the Communist troops.
On April
29th, Ou Zhen's 3rd Army Group took over Xintai and Mengyin. Separately, the
R74D stationed at Jiebei-Mengyin Segment, and the R25D to the west of Yaoxu. The
Communist Eastern China Field Army amassed four "zong dui" to attack the
Nationalist armies at Qingtuoshi and Yaoxu. At Yaoxu, in-between Jiebei &
Mengyin, Zhang Lingfu beat back waves of the Communist attacks by heavy cannons.
on the southeastern tip of the Linyi-Mengyin Highway, however, about one and
half regiments or 3000 soldiers from the R83D at Qingtuoshi, to the north of
Linyi, were destroyed by the Communist troops.
The Battle Of Mt Menglianggu
Mao Sen, responsible for monitoring the morale of the
Nationalist armies, had paid several visits to Zhang Lingfu. Mao Sen, in
recollections while staying in HK dozen years later, had commented that Nanking
had ignored the status passed on by Tang Enbo, and further pointed out that some
people had said that it was the 3rd Division Head [i.e., undercover communist
agent Liu Fei] of the Defense Department who had ordered Zhang Lingfu to death.
When Zhang Lingfu was ordered to cross the Wen-shui River for attacking
Danbu, a town across the Jiehu Lake to the northeast, he complained to Mao Sen
that someone wanted him dead. Mao Sen did not see the full order of the
Menglianggu Campaign till the eve. Days earlier, Mao Sen had arrested quite some
plaincoated people in the caves near Menglianggu. Having inspected the
surroundings, Mao Sen determined that the road to Danbu was too capricious for
Zhang Lingfu to take since there was no way to pull the heavy cannons across the
mountain roads, not to mention to chisel or dig holdouts on the way. The Defense
Department, however, further ordered that Li Tianxia, who was to the southwest
of Mt Menglianggu, be the direct cover for Zhang Lingfu; Zhang Fu's Guangxi
Province Army was ordered to travel 40 kilometers to the Jiehu Lake direction as
the rightside cover from Tangdouzhen near Linyi; and Huang Baitao go to northern
Yaoxu from Mengyin as the leftside cover. The geography on the map did not take
into consideration the terrain on the ground.
Knowing that 200000
Communist troops were lurking in the Danbu area, Mao Sen immediately told Tang
Enbo that Li Tianxia definitely could not cross the mountain to lend any aid to
Zhang Lingfu whereas Huang Baitao, risking the loss of Mengyin, might not be
able to penetrate the deep valley road from Mengyin to Taoxu to Duozhang. Tang
Enbo immediately called Liu Fei at the Defense Department. Liu Fei replied that
Chiang Kai-shek had already slept. Tang Enbo then called Gu Zhutong in Xuzhou.
Gu Zhutong replied that Nanking's orders had been relayed to the division level
and everybody just followed order in the morning. Tang Enbo, deeply worried
about the situation, sent Mao Sen and deputy commander Li Yannian to the front.
At dawn, Mao and Li rode on two trucks for Zhang Lingfu's troops. At the
Y-shaped intersection at Duozhuang, Mao Sen made a phonecall to Zhang Lingfu who
informed him that he was already ambushed by the Communist troops while crossing
the Wen-shui River and that about ten Communist "zong dui" were encircling him,
with one Communist prong going straight towards Duozhuang. Zhang Lingfu told Mao
& Li to vacate Duozhuang immediately or converge towards him should the
Communist troops cut off the return path at Duozhuang.
On the Shandong
Peninsula, the CCP Eastern China Field Army (i.e., the original New Fourth Army
under Commander Chen Yi), headed by Su Yu, launched an elimination campaign
against Zhang Lingfu's 74th Division with advance information from both spies
inside of the Nationalist Defense Department and on the ground. Five "zong dui"
were to lay siege of Zhang Lingfu, while another four "zong dui" were to impede
the Nationalist Army relief at Duozhuang. Zhang Lingfu was attacked right after
he began to cross the Wen-shui River. on May 14th, Su Yu forced Zhang Lingfu
onto Mt Menglianggu. Zhang Lingfu, while defending on the barren mountains, also
suggested that the Nationalist armies converge upon Mt Menglianggu for a
counter-encirclement. on May 15th, Li Tianxi and Huang Baitao still failed to
get close to Zhang Lingfu. At 1:00 pm, on May 15th, the Communist forces
launched a general attack. The Communist mortar caused heavy casualties onto the
74th Division with shrapnel and flying stones, while Zhang Lingfu's
cannon-pulling horses ran loose. Almost every hilltops changed hands numerous
times. By the afternoon of the 16th, Zhang Lingfu's remnants had held out on few
hilltops. Communist commander Chen Yi personally called the frontline commanders
to exert the full communist manpower to the battle, with a promise to refurnish
any number of lost communist troops. The Communists, claiming a force of
100,000, totally destroyed 32,000 Government troops. Zhang Lingfu, and top
lieutenants Cai Renjie and Lu Xing who followed Zhang Lingfu since the 1937
resistance wars, all committed suicide. Communist general Pi Dingjun was said to
have buried Zhang Lingfu in a coffin. After the battle, Chen Yi was said to have
commented on the communist casualties in saying that this was not a job for a
man born by a mother. Right after destroying the 74th Division, the Communist
troops retreated to the north. Mao Sen, at the battlefield, collected several
thousand wounded soldiers. After Mao Sen submitted the drawings of the
battlefield to Chiang Kai-shek, Li Tianxia was spared a court martial. Chiang
Kai-shek, in deep remorse, renamed one of the British bribery warships by the
name of Lingfu. (The British gave Chiang warships to put off China's demand for
recovering Hongkong.)
The Communist Guerrilla War In Southern
Shandong
The Battle Of Nanma
After the Menglianggu debacle, Chiang Kai-shek asked Deng Wenyi and Huang
Jie to hold a regiment-level reflection session at the Nationalist Central
Training School in Nanking. A three-prong Mt Yimengshan Campaign was launched to
counter-attack Chen Yi's Communist troops for avenging on Zhang Lingfu's death.
The Nationalist Army troops, despite two months of rains, continued to engage
with and defeated the Communist troops.
In mid-July 1947, Chen Yi &
Su Yu's Communist troops, taking advantage of the Nationalist army's troop
relocation, decided to seek out one of the four remaining Nationalist Army
reorganized divisions [9th, 11th, 25th & 64th] in the area for an
elimination campaign by combining four "zong dui" [the 2nd, 6th, 7th & 9th],
Chen Ruiting's special task "zong dui" [i.e., the cannons or in some cases the
checmical weapons corps] and some regiments from the Communist Lu-zhong &
Bohai military districts in Yishui-Yiyuan-Linqu area.
After taking
Nanma on July 8th, a city next to the northern bank of the Yi-shui River, Hu
Lian's Nationalist Army 11th Division was ordered to dig in around the city,
construct thousands of block houses and below-ground traffic trenches, and clear
out the surrounding buildings and crops. By dusk of July 17th, the Communist
2nd, 6th & 9th and cannons "zong dui" surrounded Nanma completely. on the
21st, knowing the coming relief of the Nationalist Army divisions of the 5th
[Qiu Qingquan], 9th [Wang Lingyun], 25th [Huang Baitao], 64th [Huang Guoliang]
and 75th [Shen Chengnian], Hu Lian organized a counter-attack to disrupt the
Communist plan of a general attack. At dusk, Su Yu called off the communist
siege of Nanma for a flee towards Linqu. During the Nanma Campaign, the
Nationalist Army troops inflicted a casualty of 20000 onto the Communist side
and caught alive 3000 Communist soldiers.
The Battle of Linqu
While the bulk of the
Nationalist Army troops chased them towards the north, Li Mi's two brigades were
ordered to come south from the Qingdao-Jinan Railway overnight and hinder the
Communist troops by occupying the city of Linqu, a city just to the south of
Qingzhou and the Qingdao-Jinan Railway. The Communist East China Field Army,
totaling over 100,000, fought against Li Mi's R8D of about six regiments for the
escape path.
At Linqu, the 3rd Battalion from the 308th Regiment of the
103rd Brigade, headed by Zhang Dechong, defended Mt Qushan which was to the
south of the county capital over the Mi-he River. After round-of-the clock
charge on the 27th, the Communist 19th Division abandoned the Mt Qushan target
in lieu of committing the remnant 57th Regiment to the battle. Inside of Linqu,
the 5th Division of the Communist 2nd "zong dui" breached into the city. After
heavy lane-to-lane fighting for three days and three nights, the Communist
troops, including 14th Deputy Battalion Chief Song Yannian of the Communist 5th
Division, surrendered to Li Mi's Nationalist Army 8th Division.
Deng
Wenyi, via a stop at Weixian, arrived at Linqu by plane to express solicitude to
Li Mi's army. Outside of Linqu where thousands of the Communist soldiers'
corpses still scattered unburied, Deng Wenyi met with the Nationalist Army
troops which came from Mt Yimengshan, and then followed the Nationalist Army
troops to the north for one month. Deng Wenyi, after checking with the locals,
confirmed that the Communist troops, having incurred a casualty of over 10,000,
had mobilized tens of thousands of shoulder-pole carriers for moving their
wounded towards the Yellow River bank for consecutive days. Deng Wenyi suggested
to Nanking to have the troops continue the push against the Communist troops at
the Yellow River bank; however, Nanking never replied to endorse the chase. Chen
Yi's Communist troops, other than a portion which fled towards eastern Shandong
coast, crossed the Yellow River without harassment. Three months later, with the
refilled-up rank and file, Chen Yi came back south to harass the Jin-Pu and
Long-Hai Railways.
Huang Baitao Digging Up the Communist Underground
Warehouses Stacked With the American Commodities (likely Stalin's August
Storm goodies that were shipped over to China proper by the communists over the
seas from North Korea or Dairen)
4000 bales of American cotton, with each
package weighing 200 pounds between Xintai and Laiwu
piles of nitre and
sulfur, was made at Jiangyu Valley in Changle, between Qingzhou and Weixian
[Weifang].
brand new made-in-USA tires
large bundles of Communist
currency from "North Sea Bank" and postal stamps from Communist "Shandong
Military District"
In Fushan county, over 700 gold nuggets, weighing ten
Chinese ounces, were located from double-walled hideout.
In Qixia-Penglai
area, underground warehouse of shirts of wool and woolen fabric
After shirts
would be American-made blue khaki clothes with slanted stripes and a red circle
on the back, which was later construed to be possibly designed by Americans for
having Japanese prisoners of war to wear.
From Qixia to Penglai, to Mouping,
and to Fushan, more American goods were found, including American military caps
for cold weather, nylon and flannel clothes, leather jackets, and leather vests.
The Defense Battle At Weixian [Weifang]
Siege Of
Jinan, Defection Of Wu Hualong & Demise of Wang Yaowu Group
In July
of 1948, Li Yutang's 6th Pacification Region defended the Yanzhou city. The
Communist 3rd Field Army, i.e., the formerly East China Field Army, assembled
over 80,000 troops for an attack at the city, which consisted of the 7th, 9th
& 13th "zong dui" in addition to Cui Ziming & Zhang Guangzhong's
Communist military district forces.
In August, Wang
Yaowu, whose War Section Chief Liao Weiwen was a Communist mole, frantically
relocated Wu Huawen's R84D to the provincial capital from Yanzhou. The Communist
side then devised a strategy of encircling Yanzhou while ambushing the
Nationalist relief army from Jinan. Over eight Communist "zong dui" were
dispatched to the Yanzhou-Lincheng area, while about seven Communist "zong dui"
encircled Ji'nan the provincial city of Shandong. Before Wu Hualong could arrive
at Yanzhou, the Communists sacked the city, caught Huo Shouyi alive, and took
hostage of the family members of Wu Hualong's troops. After the loss of Yanzhou,
Wang Yaowu was in danger at the isolated Jinan city. Wu Huawen was asked to
return to Jinan for the city defense. Nanking sent a telegram to Wang Yaowu on
Sept 14th with information that Wu Hualong might defect to the Communist side.
Wu Huawen, a filial son, had been forced to submit to the Japanese after the
puppets and the Japanese caught Wu Huawen's family members to force a surrender
during WWII. Wang Yaowu, upon receipt of the telegram, sought for opinions with
his Third Section [i.e., War Section] Chief Liao Weiwen. Liao Weiwen immediately
departed for the airport with the original telegram and military documents to
instigate Wu Huawen into an immediate defection as Nanking's message would force
him to stop wavering. 
By noon of
Sept 16th, Wu Huawen agreed to the defection and moved his troops away from the
airport for Southwestern Shandong Province. The Communist force, after taking
over the airport and railway and highway points, then launched a general attack
at Ji'nan on the night. (Wu Hualong, whose army later crossed the Yangtze to
occupy the Presidential Palace in Nanking, would see his 20,000 troops perish on
the seas on the occasion of attacking the Zhoushan Islands via wooden boats in
July of 1949.)
By the night of the 17th, the constabulary force and
gentry-organized force defending the city perimeter were defeated by the
Communists. on the 18th, a plane with one Nationalist Army Regiment turned
around after failing to get in touch with the Ji'nan Airport. With the outside
aid cut, Wang Yaowu stubbornly persisted in the city defense till Sept 22nd.
With the citywall broken on Sept 24th, Wang Yaowu was caught alive while
sneaking out dressed as a civilian. Numerous memoirs recalled the communist
troops' corpses stacking up to the city wall in the stroming of Ji'nan. In any
case, the communists had laid siege of cities like Taiyuan, Anyang and Changchun
etc by months and years. In the case of Changchun, the communist blockade led to
starvation death of hundreds of thousands of people. It would be the
Soviet-suplied artilleries that played the role in the communist victory over
the nationalist army troops, namely, the flowers of China and the valiant
defenders of the nation throughout the eight year resistance wars. The communist
troops, if you don'[t know, were mere raw peasants forced into the amry through
the terror land reform movements.
The Battle Of Laishui
The
Presidential Election & Constitutional Government
Crony Embezzlement & Larceny
The Presidential Election
The Central Plains
Battlegrounds
The
Communist Siege Of Kaifeng & Luoyang
Retaking Kaifeng From
Communist
Yu-dong [Eastern Henan] Campaign
Liu Zhi
ordered that Liu Ruming and Sun Zhen hastily went to the relief of Kaifeng which
was recovered on June 26th. Liu Bocheng fled to the south, while Chen Yi fled to
the west. At Tiefusi and Tongwangdian area, to the north of Suixian county of
Henan Province, Chen Yi encircled 6th Pacification Deputy Commander Ou
Shounian's R72D, R75D and New 21st Brigade. Liu Zhi ordered the 5th Corps and
R83D to the relief via Lanfeng and Qixian, but Liu Bocheng's Communist force
managed to block the way and slow down the pace. Liu Zhi then ordered that Huang
Baitao's Army Group, which was originally destined for the Yanzhou relief, turn
around for the west to attack Liu Bocheng and Chen Yi's Communist force in
cooperation with Qiu Qingquan. on July 2nd, Huang Baitao's army group, being
encircled by the Communist force upon arrival at Diqiudian to the north of
Suixian, fought their way into the Communist line by inflicting heavy casualty
onto the communist side. Then, Huang Baitao attacked the flank of the Communist
force which was facing Qiu Qingquan's army in the frontal confrontation. on July
4th, the Communist force collapsed in Suixian and Qixian counties. Wang Baitao,
for his feats in the Yu-dong [Eastern Henan] Campaign, was conferred the Medal
of Blue Sky and White Sun.
Retreat Of 5000 Henan University
Professors & Students From Kaifeng To Bengbu
Abandoning
Zhengzhou & Kaifeng For Xuzhou
The Xu-Beng Campaign
Zhang Kexia & Heh Jifen Steering Away 30000
Troops To Communist Side
Liu Ruming Winning Over Sun Liangcheng
From Communist Captivity
Xu-Beng Campaign [Huai-Hai
Campaign]
Destruction of Huang Baitao Army Group Around the
Canal
Destruction of Huang Wei Army Group
Destruction of Qiu Qingquan Army Group
Destruction
of Du Yuming Army Group
Communist Huai-Hai Campaign [Modified : Saturday, 05-May-2007 17:13:41 EDT]
The Ping-Jin
Campaign
The
Bloody Siege Of Tianjin 14 Hours Ahead Of Ultimatum
Communists Sacking Zhangjiakou
Fu Zuoyi Defecting To Communist Camp After Failing To Extract
"Coalition Government"
Communist Ping-Jin Campaign [Modified : Friday, 12-May-2006 11:47:47 EDT]
FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE
3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL
DEATH OF MILLIONS OF YELLOW MEN, & POSSIBLY MORE IN THE FUTURE WAR AGAINST TAIWAN !!!!!
The Northwestern
Battleground
Battle Of
Linfen
Battle of Dali
By Oct 1948, Peng Dehuai's
Communist troops, having recovered from the loss from Wei-he & Jing-he
Campaign, mounted a north-of-Weihe-River campaign. on 6th, Communist troops
crossed Luo-he River, with a plan to destroy Hu Zongnan's troops in the triangle
area between the Luo-he River and the Yellow River and then link up with Chen
Geng's Communist troops in Shanxi Province. on 10th, Hu Zongnan sent right and
left prongs of armies to encircle the Communist troops. on 11th, fighting broke
out at Renyicun, Xiqudou, Lijiapo & Dahaoying. Xu Zhen claimed that
Nationalist Army troops, at own casualty of 10000 and death of 78th Deputy
Division Chief Jing Chunjian, had inflicted a casualty of 30,000 onto Communist
troops. Communist 1st "zong dui" was badly mauled while 2nd "zong dui"
decimated.
Li Zongren's Peace Talks & Communist Yangtze
Crossing
Communist Yangtze Campaign [Modified : Friday, 12-May-2006 11:47:41 EDT]
The KMT-CCP Peace Talk
Moving Gold, Silver & Foreign Currency To Taiwan - 2,600,000 ounces - Taipei; 900,000 ounces - Amoy; 380,000 ounces -
USA; 200,000 ounces - Shanghai
Departing Nanking the Capital
Attacking Pukou Ahead Of Peace Talk Breakup & Crossing
Yangtze
The Shanxi
Battleground
The Battle Of Taiyuan
The Continuous Northwestern Campaign
The
Campaign of Wugong
In mid-Nov 1948, Peng Dehuai's Communist troops came
south again, attacked Weizhuang and laid siege of Yongfeng. on Feb 14th, Hu
Zongnan withdrew his bulk of forces to the south of Wei-he River while leaving
one division at Dali. on 24th, Hu Zongnan devised the defense plan of making
Luqiao-Sanyuan the rightside position and Koudouzhen [Kouzhen] leftside
position. on 27th, Communist troops attacked Koudouzhen and destroyed Zhu
Jingya's division. on March 6th, Hu Zongnan ordered that 38th Corps and 135th
Division attack Koudouzhen. on 11th, 90th Corps recovered Yaoxian county. on
17th, Tongchuan & Pucheng were recovered.
With Nanking lost to the
Communists, Hu Zongnan abandoned Tongchuan and Pucheng for the south of Wei-shui
& Jing-shui Rivers on April 26th 1949. Peng Dehuai's 1st & 2nd Army
Groups attacked south, and on May 16th. on the night, Peng Dehuai crossed the
Jing-he River, breached 65th Corps' defense positions, and pushed to northern
Xianyang area. Meanwhile, Communist 18th & 19th Army Groups crossed the
Yellow River at Tongguan and Hancheng, respectively. Hu Zongnan and Lanzhou
office devised a plan to induce the Communist troops to Baoji area for a duel.
The Defense Department approved the plan to fight Communist troops at Jing-he
& Wei-he River Plains subsequently. At dawn of May 18th, Xi'an Pacification
Office withdrew from Xi'an for Hanzhong. 17th Corps and Xi'an Garrison Commander
Yang Deliang were left for city defense. By the afternoon, Communist troops took
over Xianyang. on 19th, Communist troops mounted attacks at Xi'an. 17th Corps
defended the city for two days and then evacuated towards Qin-ling Ridge.
Hu Zongnan planned to destroy Peng Dehuai's troops near Wugong area
before Heh Long and other Communist reinforcements came over. Hu Zongnan
obtained the cooperation of Ma Family's Long-dong Army Group and Ningxia Army
Group in pincer-attacking Peng Dehuai's Communist troops. on 14th, Nationalist
Army troops north of Wei-he River had recovered Wugong city. To the southeast of
Xi'an, Sheng Wen's 3rd Corps, with 17th, 84th & 354th Divisions, defeated
Communist 60th Corps to the north of Qin-ling Ridge from Duqu direction and
closed in towards the east and south gates of Xi'an. With Communist troops
crossing Wei-he River to the south, Li Zhen's 18th Army Group failed to push to
Huxian county for encircling Xi'an. At Xi'an, Communist reinforcements from
Hancheng & Tongguan converged with troops which came south from north of
Jing-he River. on June 20th, Long-dong Army Group, after a defeat around Jing-he
River, retreated towards Lingtai. on 25th, Ningxia Army Group retreated towards
Binzhou without advance notice to Hu Zongnan. Hu Zongnan's troops on both banks
of Wei-he River were hence surrounded by Communist troops. on July 11th, Peng
Dehuai & Heh Long's Communist troops circumvented to Fufeng to attack Li
Zhen's 18th Army Group.
During the Wugong Campaign, Hu Zongnan's
troops, i.e., 65th, 69th, 36th, 38th & 90th Corps, incurred over half
casualty. 144th Division Chief Fu Shufeng was killed in battle. 65th Deputy
Corps Chief Zhang Shen, 165th Division Chief Sun Tieying, and 55th Division
Chief Cao Weihan & Deputy Division Chief Shi Difei were seriously wounded.
The Battle Of Pingliang By Ma Hongkui's Ningxia Army Group
The Last Push by the Communist Army
The Campaign of Ankang
Communist troops, in
lieu of attacking Qin-ling Ridge, went around to attack Ankang area from east,
i.e., Shenxi-Hubei provincial borderline. on July 5th, about nine divisions
equivalent of Liu Bocheng's Central Plains Communist troops, including Kong
Congzhou's 17th Corps, Liu Jinxuan's 19th Corps, and Independent 142nd, 143rd
& 144th Divisions of Western Hubei Military District, mounted attacks at Li
Zhengxian's positions. By 17th, Communist troops sacked Zhushan, Zhuxi, Baihe,
Xunyang & Pingli.
On 19th, Sheng Wen arrived at the west bank of
Ankang, and ordered that 31st Division of 27th Corps defend Ankang city while
69th & 98th Corps defend the west and north banks of Han-shui River. At dawn
of July 21st, 27th, 69th & 98th Corps crossed the Han-shui River to the
south for a counter-attack.
On Aug 5th,
Xunyang-Baihe-Zhushan-Zhuxi-Pingi counties were recovered. From July 21st to Aug
5th, Hu Zongnan's troops killed 5000, wounded about 9000, and captured alive
2700 Communist troops at an own casualty of 3100 and the deaths of three
battalion chiefs. After the battle, 27th & 69th Corps could only reorganize
as one division, respectively, while 98th Corps was reorganized into four
regiments, only.
The Battle Of Lanzhou
The Battle Of
Ningxia
The Battle Of Wuhan
Cheng Qian &
Chen Mingren Defecting To Communist Camp
Bai Chongxi Hitting
Back At Communist Forces At Qingshuping Ambush In Hunan Province
Chiang Kai-shek Frustrating Guangdong-Guangxi Defense By Withdrawing
Forces to Hainan Island
The Battle of Chongqing
The Battle of Chengdu
The Battle of Xichang
The Campaign Of the Northwest
The Campaign Of the
Southwest
Communist Marching To New Dominion Province
Defection of Government troops In Chinese Turkistan & Loyalists'
Trek Through The Pamirs
Defection Of Lu Han In Yunnan Province
For Rescuing Lu Junquan From Communist Captivity
The Battle Of
Canton
The Battle Of Zhoushan Islands
The Battle
of Amoy
The Battle of Quemoy
Chasing Towards
Burma & Vietnam
KMT Guerilla Fighting In Sichuan &
Yunnan Provinces
Retreat To Keetung & Communist Cession of
the Golden Triangle To Burma
The Battle Of Hainan Island
Abandoning Zhoushan Island
Hu Zongnan's Guerilla
Warfare Against the Coast
Abandoning Dachendao Island & the
American Attempt At Stirring up the Third Force and Making Taiwan A Trustee
Country
The Korean
War: 6/25/1950 - 7/27/1953
The
Vietnamese War
TO BE CONTINUED !
|
1945-1949 Civil
War
Liao-Shen
Campaign
Korean
War
Vietnamese
War
Written by Ah Xiang
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