Mesopotamia, the Land Between Two Rivers, was located in present-day Iraq and Syria and was home to one of the most ancient civilizations: the Sumerians. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian cities such as Ur, Uruk, and Lagash provide some of the earliest evidence of human societies, along with the laws, writing, and agriculture that made them function. Sumeria in southern Mesopotamia was countered by Akkad (as well as Babylonia and Assyria) in the north. Rival dynasties would shift the center of power from one city to another over thousands of years; the Akkadian ruler Sargon united the two societies during his reign (2334-2279 B.C.) The fall of Babylon to the Persians in 539 B.C. saw the end of indigenous rule in Mesopotamia, and the land was marked by further conquests by Alexander the Great, the Romans, and before coming under Muslim rule in the 7th Century.
This list of ancient Mesopotamian kings comes from John E. Morby. Notes based on Marc Van De Mieroop's.
Sumerian Timelines
First Dynasty of Ur c. 2563-2387 B.C.
2563-2524... Mesannepadda
2523-2484... A'annepadda
2483-2448... Meskiagnunna
2447-2423... Elulu
2422-2387... Balulu
Dynasty of Lagash c. 2494-2342 B.C.
2494-2465... Ur-Nanshe
2464-2455... Akurgal
2454-2425... Ennatum
2424-2405... Enannatum I
2402-2375... Entemena
2374-2365... Enannatum II
2364-2359... Enentarzi
2358-2352... Lugal-anda
2351-2342... Uru-inim-gina
Dynasty of Uruk c. 2340-2316 B.C.
2340-2316... Lugal-zaggesi
Dynasty of Akkad c. 2334-2154 B.C.
2334-2279... Sargon
2278-2270... Rimush
2269-2255... Manishtushu
2254-2218... Naram-Suen
2217-2193... Shar-kali-sharri
2192-2190... anarchy
2189-2169... Dudu
2168-2154... Shu-Turul
Third Dynasty of Ur c. 2112-2004 B.C.
2112-2095... Ur-Nammu
2094-2047... Shulgi
2046-2038... Amar-Suena
2037-2029... Shu-Suen
2028-2004... Ibbi-Suen (The last king of Ur. One of his generals, Ishbi-Erra, established a dynasty in Isin.)
Dynasty of Isin c. 2017-1794 B.C.
2017-1985... Ishbi-Erra
1984-1975... Shu-ilishu
1974-1954... Iddin-Dagan
1953-1935... Ishme-Dagan
1934-1924... Lipit-Ishtar
1923-1896... Ur-Ninurta
1895-1875... Bur-Sin
1874-1870... Lipit-Enlil
1869-1863... Erra-imitti
1862-1839... Enlil-bani
1838-1836... Zambiya
1835-1832... Iter-pisha
1831-1828... Ur-dukuga
1827-1817... Sin-magir
1816-1794... Damiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa c. 2026-1763 B.C.
2026-2006... Naplanum
2005-1978... Emisum
1977-1943... Samium
1942-1934... Zabaya
1933-1907... Gunnunum
1906-1896... Abi-sare
1895-1867... Sumu-el
1866-1851... Nur-Adad
1850-1844... Sin-iddinam
1843-1842... Sin-eribam
1841-1837... Sin-iqisham
1836... Silli-Adad
1835-1823... Warad-Sin
1822-1763... Rim-Sin (probably an Elamite. He defeated a coalition from Uruk, Isin, and Babylon and destroyed Uruk in 1800.)