중국 현대사 주요사건 일지(그림.사진 및 설명) (2)

	10月11日 The Site of Qingguo Well in Keelung, the earliest mine to use machine October 11, 1876, Taiwan's Keelung coal started using machine for mining. The history of Taiwan's coal mining is an example of modernization in the contexts of mutual accommodation between the traditional society and modern technology, in the great background of Western powers' interventions. About a detailed analysis of this example you may refer to our research finding: Huang Chia-mu, Coal in Taiwan before the Sino-Japanese War.
	10月12日 A bill marked with the Yellow Emperor Era's date (1911) October 12, 1911, the revolutionary government proclaimed to adopt the Yellow Emperor Era. As well-known today, the Yellow Emperor is the common ancestor of the Chinese folks. However, the ideas of "Chinese folks" is a constructed result of the modern imagination. About the in-depth discussions of this issue, you may refer to our research finding: Shen Sung-chiao, "Imagine China: Construction of the Genealogies of Chinese “National Heroes” in Late Qing".
	10月13日 Illustration to introduce Wurtemberg Bundesrat in Germany October 13, 1909, because the provincial council was about to open, the Qing court officially instructed governors and future representatives. The constitutional ideas prevailed in late Qing. However, China had no experiences in this political system at all, no matter the central or provincial level. Later, the provincial council even became an important force to support revolution to revolve the Qing dynasty. About the relation between the constitutionalist and revolutionist, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Peng-yuan, Constitutionalists and the Revolution of 1911 in China.
	10月14日 Shi Jianqiao's leaflet delivered at the crime scene October 14, 1936, Nationalist government granted amnesty to Shi Jianqiao, a crime committed suicide to revenge Sun Chuanfang for her father's death. Should this kind of deeds be treated as a filial behavior, or an unlawful violence? Such issue had been discussed in China for over thousand years. However, the public opinions of the new society in the 20th century gave this ancient issues some new meanings. For details, you may refer to a published research results out of our international conference: Eugenia Lean, "Public Virtue or Private Revenge: the National Politics of "Emotion" in 1930s China".
	10月15日 modern illustration of Shaolin kun fu October 15, 1928, the organization of national martial arts had an examination in Nanjing. Such as national essence, national learning, or national music, "national martial arts' is a new term coined in the modern period. Beforehand the Chinese martial arts were not particularly distinct from foreign country and had deep relationships with religions. But from this time on, martial arts started to dispatched from religion and started to combine with 'nation'. For relavant analysis you may refer to our publication: Vincent Goossaert, "State and Religion in Modern China: Religious Policies and Scholarly Paradigms".
	10月16日 Memorial Medal of the Academy of Practicing Revolution October 16, 1949, Academy of Revolutionary Practices was established in Taipei. Chiang Kai-shek was its president. The purpose of this academy was to review the reasons of KMT's failures in mainland China, and train leaders for future revolutions. For details you may refer to our interview of its publication:  Records of interviews with Mr. Huang Tong.
	10月17日 A page of British Archives on Kidnapped in London October 17, 1896, Sun Yat-sen successfully had his seeking help letter to be delivered to his teacher James Cantile, and got saved for this reason. This is the well-known episode of "Kidnapped in London". Cantlie taught Sun at Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Later his son served as navel officers and continued to have connections with China. For details you may refer to p. 47 of our oral history: Records of interviews with Mr. Zheng Tianjie.
	10月18日 A private coin in the Qing dynasty October 18, 1836, the court accepted Dong Zongyuan's suggestion, announced to prohibit private minting coins. Money's role in economic activities is essential and complicated. Each policy may bring bad or good to different industry or area, and it needs to adjustments based on needs from time to time. About a case study of changing monetary policy, you may refer to our research finding: Chu Hong-yuan, "The Monetary Transformation of Modern Kwangsi, 1662-1937".
	10月19日 A building of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University's house October 19, 1925, Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's eldest son, went to Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. The purpose of this university was to train future leaders for communist revolutions in China. At that time KMT and Communist party was in cooperation, thus quite a few KMT important figures' sons were selected to be its students, such as Chiang Ching-kuo. Besides, some communist leaders, such as Deng Xiaoping, also received education at this university. About its courses and political life in Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, you may refer to our research finding: Yu Miin-ling, "Chiang Ching-kuo as foreign student in the Russian Archives", and our oral history of its graduate: Records of interviews with Mr. Bai Yu
	10月20日 Advertisement "Mermaid", which is Yang Xiuqiong's nickname October 20, 1933, the Fifth national games came to an end. Yang Xiuqiong, a representative of Hong kong, won all the five golden medels of female swimming. This news called intensive attentions and her nickname "mermaid" became popular immediately. Soong May-ling took Yang as her asopted daughter. Yang led a fashion of "swim fever" among cosmopolitan young women. The popularity of physical education for girls became a new trend in the modern time. For details you may refer to our research finding: Yu Chien-ming, On and Off the Playing Fields：A Modern History of Physical Education for Girls in Eastern China（1895-1937）.
	10月21日 General Liu Yongfu captured the Japanese Governor Kabayama Sukenori October 21, 1895, Republic of Formosa was destroyed by Japan. Japanese army defeated the Qing troops easily in North Taiwan, but encountered difficulties in the South. The reason was the Southern defense troops were mainly organized by the local defense volunteers and they were tough in the war. When Japan settled Taiwan, the colonial government adopted the existent social organization "pao-chia" system to eliminate the potential anti-Japanese arms, as well as utilized it as an effective tool of ruling. For details you may refer to our research finding: Hung Chiu-fen, "The Pao-chia System in Taiwan, 1895-1903".
	10月22日 An illustrated report of famine in late Qing October 22, 1933, Conference of Food was opened in Nanjing. Food is an essential issue of economy. The population of China grew nearly 4 times from 17th to 20th century; in other words, agriculture also grew so that such population could be supported. on the other hand, famine happened from time to time, which is also an important issue for the government to solve. About the growth and challenge of modern agriculture, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Yeh-chien, "Agricultural Development and Its Crisis in Modern China". Furthermore, Wang also made a database on the grain price in the Qing dynasty for academic use, which could also be found in our website.
	10月23日 The Xi'an Manchurian castle which was about to fall October 23, 1911, revolutionary army captured the Manchu castle of Xi'an. The Manchurian victims' number was up to 2,000 (another source says 5,000). The racial conflicts between Manchurian and Han came to a peak in the Xinhai revolutions. Many Manchurians changed their names as a Han Chinese to protect themselves. About the assimilation of Manchurians, there are still many aspects worth researching. About its current advancement, you may refer to our research finding: Yeh Kao-shu, "Several Questions on the Study of Manchu Sinicization ".
	10月24日 Tianjin concession October 24, 1860, Sino-British Treaty of Beijing was signed. Part of Kowlong was ceded to Britain. Tianjin was opened as treaty port and a new custom was established. About the situation of Tianjin concession in the Late Qing, you may refer to our publication: Leung Yuen-sang, "The Two Intendants in Late Qing Tianjin: Tianjin Dao and Jin Haiguan Dao".
	10月25日 A piece of archives about Science Society of China October 25, 1915, Science Society of China was founded. Ren Hongjun was its first director. Science Society of China had a great influences in the development of science in China. Later its members formed the main body of Academia Sinica. About Ren's contribution to Chinese science, you may refer to our research finding: Yang Tsui-hua, "Zen Hung-chun and Modern Science in China".
	10月26日 The Hejian Great Military Drill October 26, 1905, the Hejian Military Drill was finished with perfect ending. This is Chinese army's first great scale military drill after the Eight Nation Alliance. Foreign media highly evaluated this drill. However, from the drill Manchurian elites was too impressed with the power of the Beiyang Army to waive the apprehension toward Yuan Shikai. Thus the drill also agitated the conflicts within the late Qing court. For details of the New Army, you may refer to our research finding: Liu Feng-han, "The Organization and Transformation of Military Command in the Late Ch'ing Period".
	10月27日 A page from textbook in the Republican Age October 27, 1931, the national counsel decided to have National Institute of Compilation and Translation established. National Institute of Compilation and Translation played an important role in the compilations of the texbook, while textbook is an essential media to shape moder state and provide education of modern knowledge. Historians of various countries are all paying great attentions to the issue. The relavant researches about China, you may refer to our research finding: Peter Zarrow, "Enlightening 'New Histography', the history textbook in the transition period", in Wang Fan-sen ed. The Transition Period in the Modern Chinese Intellectual History: Essays for Professor Zhang Hao's 70th Birthday; "Robert Culp, Articulating Citizenship: Civic Education and Student Politics in Southeastern China, 1912-1940."
	10月28日 Passport issued by Qing's Embassy in Germany October 28, 1876, the Zongli yamen formulated the regulations of embassy. This is the starting point for China to have embassies in foreign countries. China's diplomatic history comes to a new era. Embassies played active roles in negotiation, overseas Chinese affairs, and information collections. About the messages back and forth between Beijing and embassies, you may refer to our compiled materials: Diplomatic correspondence of the Qing Dynasty.
	10月29日 The bear market shook the Wall Street October 29, 1929， the Wall Street Stock market collapsed. This day is considered by many economic historians as the start of world great depression. The financial market, various industries decayed, consequently employment caused serious social panic, and also brought impacts on global politics. About the Great Depression's influences on China, you may refer to our research finding: Lee Yu-ping, "An Analysis of Three Different Views on China Depression in Nineteen Thirties".
	10月30日 Pictorial Biography of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek October 30, 1911, Chiang Kai-shek returned from Japan to Shanghai to join the revolution. Chiang is one of the most important figures in China's modern history. Researches about him are always flourishing. Researchers in our institute organized a research group for his studies. one of their research findings is: Huang Tzu-chin, "The Early Revolutionary Activities of Chiang Kai-shek, 1906-1924". ( Chiang Kai-shek Research Group)
	10月31日 Illustration about the Settlement about the Mudan Incident October 31, 1874, Qing and Japan signed the "Beijing Special Treaty about the Taiwan Incident" to settle the quarrels caused by the Mudan Incident. Japanese claimed that this treaty acknowledged Japanese expedition is a "righteous action for protection the people", thus Ryukyu is Japan's territory; whereas China claimed that the "people" here only refer to the drifters from Okayama; Ryukyu was still a member of China's tribute system. Anyhow this was Japan's first overseas expedition since the Meiji restoration; and the result positively back up the Eagle Wing. For details you may refer to a paper in our Bulletin: Chen Zai-zheng, "Formosa Incident of 1874: The Ensuing Sino-Japanese Nagotiation and Its Rehabilitation".
	11月01日 Sheng Xuanhuai's letter to Yuan Shuxun November 1, 1896, Sheng Xuanhuai reported his opinions about self-strengthening. He emphasized that the priority should be set at military training, finance, and education. Also he suggested to establish banks. Sheng has great contributions in various aspects in industries. The institute collected drafts of his telegrams for the references of readers interested in history: Sheng Xuanhai’s industry correspondence.
	11月02日 Coin of the Qixiang reign November 2, 1861, Xinyou Coup d'état took place. Empress Dowager Cixi cooperated with Prince Gong to arrest Sushun who seized power at the Xianfeng Emperor's will. The reign name "Qixiang" given by Sushun was changed to "Tongzhi". This is a milestone in late Qing history. The Daoguang Emperor decided to appoint the Xianfeng Emperor and Prince Gong at one decree. He had deep implication by this action For details you may refer to our research finding: Chin Cheng-i, "Investiture of Yixin as Prince Kung".
	11月03日 Dalai XIII had an audience of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor November 3, 1908, the Qing court granted the visiting Dalai XIII with a special honored title, and urged him to go home immediately. As a multi-ethical empire, Qing utilized Tantrist Buddhism to maintain its relationship with Mongolia and Tibet. The connections could be traced back before ruling China. For details you may refer to our Bulletin: Wang Jun-zhong, "The Relationship between"Manchu" and "Manjusri" and A Discussion of "Leaders" and "Bodhisattvas" in the Tibetan Politico-Religious History".
	11月04日 The legal bill issued by the central bank November 4, 1935, foreign banks in Shanghai started following the legal bill policy. The monetary system was in turmoil since late Qing. After 1918, due to the great depression and the changes of Silver standard, China's government pushed the reform of legal bill. This is a milestone in the Chinese monetary history. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lee Yu-ping, "The Relief of Depression and the Formation of Fapi Policy(1932-1935): The Views of Monetary Reform and Trade Balance Approaches"; Lin May-li, ”The Problem of Unequal Rate of Exchange between Different Denominations of Fapi during the Resistance War Against Japan: A case Study of China's Wartime Issuance of Legal Tender and Inflation“.
	11月05日 The Nationalist Tank Panzer I Asuf made in Germany Oscar Paul Trautmann visited Chiang Kai-shek trying to arbitrate between China and Japan's military condition. From 1928 to 1937, China made efforts to reform the military institution. Germany was one of the most important model to follow. However, along with the closer relationship between Germany and Japan, China eventually broke up with Nazi Germany. For further information about the German Military Advisers Corps in China, you may refer to a paper in our Bulletin: Ma Wen-ying, "The German Military Advisers Corps and the Development of the Sino-German Armament Trade".
	11月06日 Matchbox referring Anglo-Japanese Alliance November 6, 1901, Britain propose the draft of Anglo-Japanese Alliance to Japan, based on its interests in Far East. Not long after the establishment of the alliance, Russo-Japanese War broke up. After the First War War, US considered the alliance as the greatest obstacle of its power in Far East, thus urged Britain to discontinue the alliance. From then on, Britain's China policy advanced to a new stage. Regarding the Sino-British diplomacy in the post- Anglo-Japanese Alliance period, you may refer to our research finding: LÜ Fangshang, "England's Reinforcement of Shanghai during the Northern Expedition and the Evolution of its China Policy".
	11月07日 ‘Kings’ of US, Russia, Japan, and Korea came to greet Empress Dowager Cixi's Birthday November 7, 1894, Empress Dowager Cixi held her 60th Birthday party. From the Tongzhi reign on, Cixi became the highest ruler in China. Later, the Guangxu and Xuantong Emperor was chosen because of their additional kinship with Cixi. So did other powerful vessels such as Prince Qing. In other words, Cixi's family had important status in late Qing politics. However, there were many rumors about Cixi's family relationship. For this reason, our research finding clarifies the truth. Please refer to: Robert C. I. King, "The family of the Empress Dowager Cixi".
	11月08日 Cover of the first issue of Xinmin congbao November 8, 1908, Xinmin congkan stopped issuing. Xinmin congbao was created by Liang Qichao when he went into exile in Japan. With this media Liang advocated progressive thoughts. Many of his works were published here. Xinmin congbao thus has essential status in modern Chinese history. About Xinmin congbao's influence, you may refer to our research finding: Huang Ko-wu, The Rejected Path: A Study of Liang Ch’i-Ch’ao’s Accommodative Thinking.
	11月09日 Declaration of the Military government November 9, 1920, Sun Yat-sen explained the meaning of "pre-Constitutional government". "pre-Constitutional government" is an idea invented by Sun Yat-sen as a preparatory stage of Constitutional government. Between 1928 and 1947, the idea prevailed in China and brought certain influences. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chu Hong-yuan, "National Salvation-cum-Enlightenment: the Thought of Lei Pei-hung on Universal Education".
	11月10日 List of successful candidates in 1868 November 10, 1854, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom held "Heavenly Examination". Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had many criticisms toward Chinese culture, however, it immediately accepted the civil examination system. Civil examination system is already abolished though, its influences are still visible in many aspects in Chinese society and culture. Regarding civil examination's history, you may refer to our Bulletin: "From Civil Service Examinations to New Schools: Ts’e Lun and Knowledge Transformation in the Late Ch’ing Period, 1901-1905".
	11月11日 Great Powers competed for victory during the WWI 11:11, November 11, 1918, WWI formally came to an end. The main battle fields were in European continent though, its influences are worldwide. China also sent considerable amount of Chinese labors to participate the war. Some of these labors played active roles in modern history. Regarding Chinese workers in European war, you may refer to our research finding: Chen San-ching, Chinese Labor Force in the First World War.
	11月12日 Plutus sets up a hall of beauties November 12 1874, Zuo Zongtang reported that thanks to the help of Hu Guangyong, the financial problems for pacifying the western rebellions was supported. In the late Qing, the financial situation of central government was tight and local governors had to find their own financial sources. In fact, before the Taiping rebellion this situations already existed. Local officials set up "lougui (ugly regulations" to get money. It became a serious problems since the late Qing period. About the details of "lougui", you may refer to our bulletin: Zhou Jian, "Lougui and Local Government Finance in the Early Nineteenth Century: Seen in the Lougui Investigation of 1820".
	11月13日 Poster of the "Great Leap Forward" Movement November 13, 1957, People's Daily publicized an editorial, which first mentioned the slogan of "Great Leap Forward". This socialist construction movement intended to achieve leap forward in industry and agriculture within a brief time. But merely in 3 years, the movement gradually came to an end due to disasters such as national famine. This movement also evoked the debates of policy lines in the Communist party, and eventually led to the cultural revolution in 1966. Regarding the details of the "Great Leap Forward", you may refer to our research finding: Chen Yung-fa, "Anti-Corruption and State-Making in Modern China: Thinking through Moral Discourse with Patricia Thornton".
	11月14日 Main Entrance of Nan Yang Public School November 14, 1902, a student strike aroused in the Nan Yang Public School due to prohibition of reading. The school was established by Sheng Xuanhuai for the purpose of educating leaders in industry and business. It later transformed into the Chiao Tung University. About the achievements of its graduates, for example, in railway, you may refer to our oral history: Records of Interviews with Mr. Ling Hongxun.
	11月15日 Li Hongzhang's Huai Army recovered Suzhou November 15, 1864, Li Hongzhang came to Nanking. Zeng Guofan discussed with him about the plan to dismiss the Xiang Army and replace it with Li's Huai Army. From then on the Huai Army became the main force of the Qing Empire until the defeat of First Sino-Japanese War. Even though, the later influential Beiyang Army was still constructed based on the personnels of the Huai Army. It enjoyed an essential role in late Qing and early Republican history. About its history, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Erh-min, A History of the Huai Army.
	11月16日 ROC Navy Flagship "Danyang" November 16, 1966, the ROC Navy Flagship "Danyang" retired. Danyang used be Japanese Imperial Navy's Destroyer Yukikaze. During the Pacific War Yukikaze participated 16 battles and always achieved some effects with little harms, thus it was also called "Miraculous Destroyer". After the war it was transferred to ROC navy. Still, it acquired considerable achievements in the Cross-straight Wars, and became the Flagship of ROC Navy. Despite it retired and was disintegrated, it was still alive in many navy soldiers' memories. For relevant information, you may refer to our oral interviews: Collected Reminiscences of People in ROC Navy, vol. 1 & vol. 2.
	11月17日 Lanterns celebrating the opening of Shanghai as Treaty Port November 17, 1843, Shanghai was formally opened as treaty port, symbolizing that China started to open its door toward the marine World. This is a milestone in Chinese history. Researchers in our institute organized "Chinese Urban History Research Group". one of its goals is to explore the impacts on China brought about opening the port in Shanghai. Some of their outstanding research finding could be viewed in The City and Chinese Modernity.
	11月18日 Stamp celebrating the abolition of Extraterritoriality November 18, 1929, Minister of Diplomacy Wang Zhengting said that it was decided to have the consular jurisdiction abolished in China. Consular jurisdiction was one of the unequal agreement since the Nanking treaty. Since the nationalist government was established, the government started to seek for a solution for the issue, and stimulated series of negotiations. However, great powers had no intention to give up the rights. It was only until the later stage of WWII, the issue of consular jurisdiction was formally solved. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lee En-han, "The Sino-British Diplomacy concerning the Relinquinshment of the Extraterritoriality in China before September 1931".
	11月19日 Memorial Coin for establishing the Xinjiang Province in 1884 November 19, 1884, Liu Jintang was appointed the first Governor of the newly established Xinjiang Province. Xinjiang had been under military governance since the Qianlong conquer, and for long time served as an exile for criminals. It was until the Northwestern Muslim's rebellions, and the Russian covets' threat, the Qing became alerted at the importance of Xinjiang, and launched constructive projects. The decision of establishing provinces left deep influences onto the territory and land defense of future China. Regarding the thoughts and practices of Northwestern development since late Qing, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Li, "The Modern Chinese Perspective on the Development of the Northwestern Region".
	11月20日 The Appointment of Cai Yuanpei as President of Academia Sinica November 20, 1927, the preparatory committee of Academia Sinica elected Cai Yuanpei as the first President. Cai was an important figure in fields of academy in early republican China. He served as President of Peking University. From 1928 to 1940, he focused himself on directing Academia Sinica and left various aspects of influences in modern China. About his relationships with Academia SInica, you may refer to our research findinding: T'ao Ying-hui, "Tsai Yuan-pei and the Early Development of Academia Sinica, 1927-1940".
	11月21日 The First National Assembly Representative ID November 21, 1947, the first National Assembly Representatives started to vote. National Assembly is the highest institute of power in Republic of China's constitution. It was postponed for several times before. The launch of its functioning means a lot in China's practice of Constitutional politics. About the situations of earliest National Assembly, you may refer to the first Assembly's representative Wang Zizhuang's personal records which published by our institute: The Diary of Wang Tzu-chuang.
	11月22日 Sun Yat-sen memorial in the Biyun Temple where the Western Mountain Conference was held November 22, 1927, Nanjing people celebrated the victory of Western wars. Gu Zhenggang, a representative of the Central KMT school, urged people to support Chiang Kai-shek to restore the position, and act against the Western Mountain Conference Branch. Later the people gathered and demonstrated. The Army tried to stop them and caused dozens victims. This event was later called the 1122 Incident. Later this branch became weaker and the members turned to engage in the interpretations of Sun Yat-sen's thoughts. About the activities, you may refer to our oral interview of its member: Records of Interviews with Mr. Ma Chaojun.
	11月23日 Preparatory Volume, Lesson 1 "How are you? Teacher!" of the Elementary School's textbook November 23, 1918, Ministry of Education proclaimed the table of Bopomofo. National tongue is essential in establishing national consciousness, as well it is important in spreading the modern knowledge. About the functions of national tongue in modern China, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Erh-min, "Self-Awakening in the Popularization of Modern Knowledge and Movement for the National Language in China".
	11月24日 Oil painting on the establishment of Revive China Society November 24, 1894, the Revive China Society started to collect fees and plan future actions.The Revive China Society is the earliest revolutionary group in modern China. Later it gradually developed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and founded Republic China. Today's KMT also appoints this day as the party's birthday. Regarding the early stage of the Revive Society, you may refer to our Bulletin: Alice N. H. Lunng, "The Relationship Between Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Movement and Hong Kong During the Early Stage of Hising-Chung hui(1894-1900)".
	11月25日 Main Gate of the East Hebei Autonomous Council November 25, 1935, the East Hebei Autonomous Council was established in Tongzhou. The council was a puppet government under Japanese control. Chiang Kai-shek considered it as an even serious shame over the Mukden Incident. However in fact, its impacts in economy was worse than politics. It dumped oil and opium to China and harm the taxation at Tianjin custom, and exported emigrant to Manchuria to compensate the labor. About the details of the latter, you may refer to our research finding: Chao Chung-fu, "Migrants in the three northeastern provinces in the 1920 and 30s-".
	11月26日 Illustration of the Principle of People's Welfares drawn by Sun Yat-sen November 26, 1905, People's Newspaper was first issued in Tokyo. In the first issue Sun Yat-sen for the first time publicized the ideas of Three People's Principle. The People's Newspaper was the official newspaper of Tongmeng hui. It had considerable contributions in broadcasting the revolution theories. For details, you may refer to our research finding: Chu Hong-yuan, Revolutionary Theory of T’ung-meng Hui: The “Min Pao” as a Case Study.
	11月27日 Severe Battles near Hanyang November 27, 1912, the Qing troops captured Hanyang occupied by the Revolutionist. This is the climax of the victory of the Qing Army. Although it was the New Army to trigger the 1911 Revolution, their training and weapons could not compete with the Northern Army. However, yuan Shikai chose to settle the issue with political rather than military means. Soon afterward he propose a cease-fire with Wuchang, and the direction of revolution led to the direction of peaceful negotiations. Regarding the situation of the New Army in the revolution, you may refer to our research finding: Liu Feng-han, "On New Army and the 1911 Republican Revolution", in Collected Articles from the Conference on 1911 Republican Revolution.
	11月28日 Manchurian Styled Holy Mother reserved in the Northern Church, Beijing November 28, 1860, China passed the Northern Church and Southern Church in Beijing to the French Priests' management. France has been considering herself as the protector of Catholics, even more progressive than the Curia Romana. Later sent its own representative in China, and had some disputes. This is a worth-noticing event in Catholic history in China. For details, you may refer to our Bulletin: Alexander Tsung-ming Chen, "The Dispute between the Holy See and France over the Protectorate in China at the End of the 1920s –A Discussion Centered on the Apostolic Delegate Celso Costantini".
	11月29日 Self-strengthening school November 29, 1893, Zhang Zhidong, Governor in General of Huguang, reported to establish the self-strengthening school. It later became today's Wuhan University. Among the governors in late Qing, Zhang particularly paid attentions to education. His original purpose was to educate leaders for the Qing empire, however, it turned out to enlighten young men to be against the Qing empire. Thus Sun Yat-sen said that Zhang was a great revolutionist without advocating revolution. Regarding Zhang's educational business, you may refer to our research finding: Su Yun-feng, Zhang Zhidong and the educational reform in Hubei.
	11月30日 Wang Jingwei visited Sun Yat-sen's tomb November 30, 1940, Japan formally recognized the Nanjing government led by Wang Jingwei. Wang has been conclusively sentenced as traitor by historians from both sides of the Strait. However, recently some scholars started to, through book reviews or papers, interpret this figure with innovative ideas, for example, you may refer to our research finding Wang Jung-tzu, "Book Review of Wang Kewen's Wang Jingwei, KMT, and the Nanjing government", and Lo Jiu-jung, "Two-man show by Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei during the Sino-Japanese War".
	12月01日 Illustration of the Emperor's Wedding in the Qing Palace December 1, 1922, Puyi had his wedding in the Forbidden City. This marriage turned out to be a tragedy. Chinese traditional marriage did not care about personal willingness. From the Qing Dynasty on, there had been many voices about marriage reform. This is also an important issue of modern women's history. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chang So-an, "The rectification of the orthodox concept of marriage in late Imperial China".
	12月02日 Burma came to Beijing to Tribute December 2, 1885, Zeng Jize reported that given British Army captured Burma's king Thibow, China should take this advantage to capture the commercial town Bahmo. Regarding the conquest of a state of her tribute system, China's inside opinions were diversified. Zeng Jizeng's argument was eventually not taken seriously. Although China recognized the established truth and let it go, Zeng's proposal showed that traditional China had also the facet of realism. About the discussions about the subjugation of Burma, you may refer to our research finding: Lee En-han, Zeng Jize's Diplomacy, pp. 258-270.
	12月03日 The Cairo Declaration dropped to Taiwan by US aircrafts December 3, 1943, Cairo Declaration was officially announced. Cairo Conference was one of the most important meetings among the cordial members of the Allied Army during the WWII. Despite the effectiveness of the Cairo Declaration is still under debates, it is doubtless highly symbolic in the modern history for China to attend the peak international conference for the first time. About the contexts of the Cairo Conference, you may refer to our research finding: Liang Ching-chun, "Background of the Cairo Conference".
	12月04日 A Party of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration held in China December 4, 1945, UNRRA donated 660 clinics and 550 maternity hospital to China. UNRRA is a UN organization. Its purpose was to aid the countries seriously destructed by the WWII. China is one of the most desctructed countries. However, because the civil war broke up, and the US was suspicious of the KMT's corruptions. The aid came to an end in 1947. About the relevant historical materials, many are preserved in our "Economic Archives". As for the summary of the contents, you may refer to our Bulletin: Wang Yee-chun, "An Evaluation of the Economic Archives at the Institute of Mordern History, Academia Sinica".
	12月05日 Name List of the Aristocratic Military School December 5, 1908, Following the suggestions proposed by the Ministry of Army, the Qing court established Aristocratic Naval School. In the late Qing period, Han Chinese gradually seized more powers. For the safety of the Manchurian sovereign, the Qing court modified its original principle to watch out the imperial relatives, and started to help them to control military power. Regarding the political and economic status of the Qing imperial clans, you may refer to our research finding: Lai Hui-min, The Qing Imperial Lineage: Its Hierarchial Structure and Economic Life.
	12月06日 Li Dazhao's residence and his calligraphy December 6, 1920, Li Dazhao organized Seminar on Socialism in Beijing University. Li played an important role in modern Chinese intellectual history. Other than his status in Chinese Communist Party's history, he is also famous for his thoughts in politics and public ethics. For details you may refer to our research finding: Duan Lian, " Civic Virtue in A Secular Age: Cultural Identity and National Loyalty—A Study on the Public Ethics of Chinese Intellectuals during the May Fourth Period".
	12月07日 Yuan Shikai's Queue-cutting December 7, 1911, the Qing court allowed the vessels to freely choose to have quere-cutting. Quere-cutting is one of the most symbolic policy in the Manchu rules. It is also the most odd impressions toward Chinese people from the foreign points of view. Thus whether to maintain the quere-cutting policy continue to be mixed with discussions of political reforms. It was until the breaking-up of the 1911 revolution that the Qing court finally made the concessions, but it was all too late. Regarding the issue, you may refer to our Bulletin: Fan Xueqing, "“Queue-Cutting and Dress Reform” and the Frustration of the Late Qing Constitutionalist Movement, 1909-1910".
	12月08日 Li Hongzhang's Letter to Dr. Patrick Mansion for expressing appreciation of healing his tongue disease December 8, 1893, Li Hongzhang established a Western-styled school attached to the Tianjin Hospital. Li is a representative figure among the late Qing officials that believed in Western medicine. Furthermore, he pushed the establishment of educational and clinical organizations, thus substantially contributed to Western medicine in China. Li first encountered Western medicine via the experience of his wife's treatment by British physicians. For details you may refer to our Bulletin: Wang Hsiu-yun, "Refusing Male Physicians: The Gender and Body Politics of Missionary Medicine in China, 1870s-1920s".
	12月09日 Stamp in memorial of December 9 Movement December 9, 1935, students in Beiping gathered for the petitions of stopping civil wars and the freedom of gathering. They were dissipated by the police. As a representative student movement before the Sino-Japanese war, this is later called December 9 movement. For details you may refer to our research finding: Su Yun-feng, "TsingHua University Student Movements before the War of Resistance Against Japan, 1929-1938".
	12月10日 A Wanted poster of Shih Ming-teh December 10, 1979, The Kaohsiung Incident took place; a meeting and March to commemorate human rights day organized by the Meili Island Magazine in Kaohsiung came into conflict with the police and the army. This incident has had a great influence on political democratization in post- War Taiwan. The institute interviewed 14 figures connected to the Kaohsiung (Meilidao) Incident and it is valuable historical material relating to the history of the Taiwanese Democracy Movement: Oral History 12th Issue (Kaohsiung Incident Special Issue).
	12月11日 Ferdinand Verbiest, Vice Director of Ministry of Works December 11, 1866, following Prince Gong's opinion, the court established school of astronomy and mathematics in Tongwenguan. Western instructors were hired as the first step of self-strengthening. Astronomy is symbolical in Ancient China to learn from foreigners, including the cases of India, Muslim, and Jesuit. The late Qing is no exception. Regarding the early stage of the Western astronomy's introduction into China, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Ping, The Introduction of Western Astronomical and Mathematical Sciences into China.
	12月12日 Memorial Stamp of the Double Twelfth Day December 12, 1936, Xi'an Incident broke up. Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek, requesting for stopping the wars against Communists and focusing on fighting against Japanese. The result of this incident gave Communist Party the room of survival, and completely changed the development of modern Chinese history. Regarding the incident, you may refer to a witness interviewed in our oral history: Records of interviews with Mr. Ji Yiqiao.
	12月13日 The Rape of Nanking December 13, 1937. Japanese army captured Nanjing, and the whole city became shed blood. Despite there were still disputes about the numbers of victims, the fact of slaughtering is hard to deny. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lee En-han, "Who in the Japanese Command Gave the orders for the Rape of Nanking?".
	12月14日 Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman's pledge of no-concubine loyalty December 14, 1912, ROC government officially permit men to keep concubines. Keeping concubine used to be a common habit in many places of non-Christian world. Despite China accepted Western influence to change the political system, the social custom could hardly be changed all at once. Thus the custom of keeping concubine remained a issue for the gender historians of the modern period to study. For example, you may refer to our RWMCH: Guo Songyi, "The concubinage system of the Qing Dynasty".
	12月15日 The Symbol of the National Southern University December 15, 1920, the preparatory unit of the National Southern University was established. Its precedent is the Sanjiang Normal College established in 1902. As one of the earliest higher education organization, it enjoyed a certain status in modern educational history. Founder of the Institute, Kuo Ting-yi, is also a graduate of the university. For the early situation of the University, you may refer to our oral interviews: Records of Interviews with Mr. Kuo Ting-yee.
	12月16日 Partial Flag of Chinese Youth Party December 16, 1945, Zeng Qi was elected Chair by the China Youth Party in Paris. China Youth Party had once been the third influential party in modern Chinese history and played active roles. For the sake of preserve historical materials, the institute compile one of its founders -- Zeng Qi's works for the field's reference. You may refer to: Zeng Qi Collection.
	12月17日 Matchbox label in memorial of the Northern Ocean Fleet December 17, 1888, the court appointed Ding Ruchang Admiral of Northern Ocean Fleet. This is the establishment of the Northern Ocean Fleet. Despite it was destroyed during the Sino-Japanese War, given for the first time establishing a modern naval defense, it is still worth mentioning in Chinese history. For the archival records, you may refer to our collected: Documents of Maritime Defense.
	12月18日 A smallpox goddess worshipped in the Qing period: Xun xiang hua jie December 18, 1874, the Tongzhi Emperor ordered that he suffered smallpox and needed a good rest, therefore the empresses dowagers acted as substitute for him. Soon later the emperor passed away. Many common people believed that he died of syphilis. However, from the information of time, the emperor could not died with this reason. The doubtful issues about his passing away was not limited to disease only. Regarding the succession of the throne, there were also some different versions. To clarify this issue, our research finding has also some contributions: Chin Cheng-yi, "An Analysis of the Emperor T'ung Chih's Posthumous Edict Naming Tsai Shu As Emperor".
	12月19日 Heaven Master Zhang protects the residence December 19, 1926, the Jiangxi Provincial Committee ordered to cancel Heaven Master Zhang's title and confiscate all the property. The 63th generation's Heaven Master Zhang Enpu escaped Mountain Longhu to Shanghai. Heaven Master Zhang enjoyed a special homage by imperial houses along the Chinese history, accordingly the lineage formed a special local religious tradition. Other than that, there existed minor local religious groups in different places, which are also worth noticing. For details, you may refer to our Bulletin: Roger Shih-Chieh Lo, " Communal Religious Tradition and “De-centralized” Local Politics: Reconsidering the Wenzhou Jinqianhui Incident (1850-1862)".
	12月20日 USSR Cartoon Suggesting that Washington's Peace Negotiation are all tricks December 20, 1945, General Marshall arrived in China to urge the peace negotiations between KMT and CCP. This is an important episode in their conflicts. Marshall's most important documents on China has been throughly studied by our institute. For details, you may refer to our publication: Notes on the Report on the Marshall Mission to China.
	12月21日 PRC official historical painting on the "Long March" December 21, A Red Troop through the Long March entered Yan'an, Shaanxi. From then on CCP advanced to a new stage. Regarding CCP's Yan'an era, you may refer to our research finding: Chen Yung-fa, The Shadow of Yan'an.
	12月22日 a eunuch figure buried in a tomb December 22, 1915, Yuan Shikai, who was about to enthrone himself, claimed that he would abolish the eunuch institution. Eunuch is an traditional Chinese institution that violating human nature. Many Dynasties suffered from the eunuch. Due to the Ming's experience, the Qing constrained eunuch's power but still not able to abolish it. Regarding the history of eunuchs, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Tsun-wu, "On eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty".
	12月23日 A fabric illustration provided by the Commissioner of Imperial Textiles in Suzhou December 23, 1870, the court ordered the Commissioner of Imperial Textiles of Nanjing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou to provide the necessary silk works for the coming marriage ceremony of the Tongzhi Emperor. The Comissionerr of Imperial Textiles provide the palace's clothing and fabric goods, sometimes they would produce based on the emperor's taste. Through this route the imperial house could influence the fashion and material culture in the lower Yangzi era. Regarding this cultural and socio-economic issue, you may refer to our research finding: Lai Hui-min, "The Sovereign's Superior Goods: The Qianlong Emperor and Suzhou's Prosperity".
	12月24日 Ding Richang as a role in the Chaozhou opera December 24, 1876, Governor of Fujian, Ding Richang, went to Taiwan for a round of inspection. Ding is a bright person who contributed greatly to the movement of self-strengthening. Some of Taiwan's early constructions, such as railroad and electric wires are also out of his ideas. Regarding Ding's constructions in Taiwan, you may refer to our research finding: Lu Shih-chiang, Ding Richang and the Movement of Self-strengthening, pp. 282-320.
	12月25日 Memorial Coin for the National Protection Movement December 25, 1915, Tang Jiyao and Cai E announced that the Army of National Protection was established. The theme is to support the Republican Form of State. This announcement triggered the fall of Yuan Shikai. For the details of the national protection movement, we interviewed a general who guarded the Western Yunnan at that time: Records of Interviews of Mr. Ji Yiqiao.
	12月26日 Thangka of Changkya Khutukhtu December 26, 1932, Changkya Khutukhtu was appointed Commissioner of Enhancing Cultivation within the Mongolian Divisions. The Qing Imperial House honored the Tibetan Buddhism and caused the intimate interactions between Mongolian Lama and Beijing. Other than political effects, trade and cultural connections accordingly raised. After the fall of Qing, such religious or cultural ties turned out to be utilized by the Han people to maintain their political relations with the Mongols. Regarding the multiple relations between Beijing and Mongolian Buddhism, you may refer to our research finding: Lai Hui-min, "From Religious Centers to Temple Fairs: Tibetan Buddhist Temples and Tributary Trade with Khalkha Mongolian Royalty during the Qing Dynasty".
	12月27日 Sarcastic Cartoon on IMF December 27, International Monetary Fund was established in Washington D.C.. IMF's theme is to ensure the global monetary system to function normally, and provide aids when necessary. Absolutely, this organization played a very important role in the post-war world. Regarding the IMF and the modern global monetary history, you may refer to our oral history of the IMF research fellow, well-known economist: The Reminiscences of Mr. Chiang Shuo-chieh.
	12月28日 The Salvation of the Chinese December 28, 1946, Antonio Riberi, the first envoy of Roman Catholic, presented the letter of credence. Since the controversy regarding worshipping Confucius and ancestors divorcing the Qing and Roman Catholic, it was until this time that finally both resumed the formal relationship. Regarding the process for the Holy See to modify their policy regarding Rites, you may refer to our Bulletin: Chen Tsung-ming, " Notes on the Holy See’s Solution to the Chinese Rites Controversy in the 1930s ".
	12月29日  " The Cow's Complaints and the Herd Boy's Song" published in Chinese Repository, vol. 9, 1840 December 29, 1852, Chinese Repository was closed. Chinese Repository was one of the earliest journals that was published by the Missionaries in the Late Qing, and brought certain influences about the Western recognition of the Chinese in the early stage. For details you may refer to our Bulletin: Murray A. Rubinstein, “Propagating the Democratic Gospel: Western Missionaries and the Diffusion of Western Thoughts in China, 1830-1848”.
	12月30日 An old map of the Aihun's 64 villages Eastern to the Heilong River December 30, 1878, the court was worried about the Russian's ambition in Manchuria, asking the General of Shengjing to make sure the defense. There has been a long history for the Russians to covet Manchuria. It was until late Qing then they started to acquire some advancement. After the acquisition of large territories in the Xianfeng era, the Russians still wanted more and caused endless quarrels in the late Qing. For details of the territory controversies, you may refer to our research finding: Chao Chung-fu, Sino-Russian Negotiations over the Manchurian Border Issue, 1858-1911.
	12月31日 Hungarian stamp in memorial of Marc Stein as an overseas Hungarian December 31, 1930, the Beiping Committee of Reserving Ancient Objects repeat announcing against Marc Stein to excavate ancient objects in China. After foreigners taking many of the national treasures, Chinese began to pay attentions to reserving archaeological objects to reconstruct national history. The early stage's details, you may refer to our oral interviews of Academician Shih Chang-ju who had great contributions in Yinxu, neolith, and ancient Taiwanese archaeology: Records of Interviews of Mr. Shih Chang-ju.
	1月01日 Monthly Calendar of the Great Han Republic of China January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Nanjing from Shanghai to assume the office of temporary president. The day was the first day of the first year of ROC. After the Qing Empire, China needed a rather long time for accommodation to conceptually accept the great transformation of the national form. For details, you may refer to our research finding: the winning book of the First Scholarly Monograph Award in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica: Peter Zarrow, After Empire: The Conceptual Transformation of the Chinese State, 1885-1924.
	1月02日 Anti-evolutionist's cartoon mocking Darwin January 2, 1907, Zhang Yintang, Grand Minister on Tibetan affairs spoke to Tibetan on evolution. Warning them with the previous examples of India's and Sikkim. The Tibetan audience cried. The evolutionary theory is one of the most powerful thought that pushed China to change. Regarding its intellectual aspect you may refer to our research finding: Huang Ko-wu, "Hu Shi and Thomas Henry Huxley".
	1月03日 A World map of the Opium War's time January 3, 1843, Wei Yuan's Illustrated Gazette of Overseas Countries was completed. Wei Yuan is a brilliant figure in the late Qing. This book based on Lin Zexu's Gazette of Four Continents and expanded to introduce history and geography of the world. In the book he advocated to learn the learn advanced Western technology in order to successfully fight back against foreign invasion. His thoughts on naval defense were not only considered a model by those discussing western affairs in the late Qing, but also had a major influence on the the learning of advanced Western technology advocated to successfully fight back against foreign invasion. His thoughts on naval defense were not only considered a model by those discussing western affairs in the late Qing, but also had a major influence on the Meiji restoration. For details of his life, you may refer to our monograph: Wang Chia-chien, A Chronological Biography of Wei Yuan.
	1月04日 Pyromorphite only available in Guangxi, China January 4, 1916, Geological Survey was established. Geology in the modern sense rose from the West. It is a useful learning about knowing the resources and national planning, and thus is an essential to a nation's construction. Regarding the early stage of geology in China, you may refer to our interviews with a founding figure in Chinese geology: The Reminiscences of Mr. Yuan Weichou.
	1月05日 Poster of Universal Exposition of St. Louis in French January 5, 1903, the court appointed Pulan as the Formal Supervisor of the affairs of Universal Exposition of St. Louis. Universal Exposition is an international platform of presentation. It could not only present the power of a nation and promote the trade, but also enhancing mutual understanding of culture and shape the national image. Learning to become a member of the international society, China's first attempt to accomodate it to the culture of Universal Exposition has many meaningful details worth researching. For details you may refer to our research finding: Wang Cheng-hua, "Presenting 'CHINA': A Research on Late Qing's participation of the Universal Exposition in St. Louis, USA in 1904".
	1月06日 Announcement posted by Liu Lichuan, leader of the Small Swords Society January 6, 1855, the French Army helped the Qing Army to attack the walled city of Shanghai controlled by Small Sword Society. In the beginning the joint army was defeated, but more than a month later, the Small Sword Society was eventually destroyed due to their limited resources. Small Sword Society was a secretary society revolving during the Taiping Rebellion. once it controlled Shanghai and the adjacent area. Because they guaranteed the safety of the concessions, for a while the foreign powers supported it. For details you may refer to our research finding: Wang Erh-min, "A Map of the 1854 Shanghai "Battle of Muddy Flat".
	1月07日 Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor returned to Beijing since the Boxer's Rebellion January 7, 1902, Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor returned to Beijing since the Boxer's Rebellion. The Eight Nation Alliance eventually decide to let Cixi go. It is a result of endless negotiations done by the Qing diplomats. When Cixi returned to Beijing, she greeted the Western medi in a friendly way, and tried every efforts to mend her international image since then. The relavant information could be found in our historical source: Diplomatic correspondence of the Qing Dynasty and our research finding: Wang Cheng-hua, "Toward 'publicity': The style, political manipulation, and image construction of Cixi's portrait".
	1月08日 Fashion Times published by the Shanghai Sincere January 8, 1900, the first Chinese capital department store -- Sincere was opened in Hong Kong. Department store first appeared in Western Europe and North America in the latter half of the nineteenth century. It is usually considered as a symbol of modernization, as well as the landmark of new styled city such as Shanghai. The department store not only changes the consumption and leisure in everyday life, but also creates new form of employment. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lien Ling-ling, "Everyday Life as an Arena of Power Relations:Department Store Clerks in Republican Shanghai".
	1月09日 The story of the Female Bandit "Tuo Long" was reformed into drama January 9, 1925, the female bandit "Tuo Long" was executed in Changchun. Despite most bandits are male, the female ones are not unusual. Their stories turn out to be more likely to be given the dramatic or fictional implications. Regarding their images and meanings, you may find analyses in our research finding: Wu Jen-shu, "Is she a devil or fairy? -- on the transformation of image of the Shandong's Tang Sai'er in the Ming Dynasty", in Lu Fang-shang ed., Voices amid Silence (I): Women and the Nation in Modern China (1600-1950).
	1月10日 Advertisement of Tobacco in early Republican Period January 10, 1919, the National Office of Tobacco and Alcohol Affairs was established. Tobacco and alcohol are popular luxury goods in the modern world. Merchants make great fortune through their trade, so does the government collect certain tax by their sales. Regarding the relevant tax's information, you may refer to our Bulletin: Ho Hon-wai, "Ch'ing Period: the Case of Miscellaneous Taxes with Specific Reference to Levies on Tobacco, Liquior and Property Deeds".
	1月11日 Sarcastic Wall Painting during the "Great Jump" Period: A radish is as heavy as 500 kg., which is beyond being moved by two donkeys January 11, 1962, CCP hosted the Seven-Thousand Cadres' Conference in Beijing, and concluded the mistakes during the "Great Jump Movement". The conference is one of the important turning point in the CCP's history, for details you may refer to our research finding: Chen Yung-fa, "Mao Zedong and the Seven-Thousand Cadres’ Conference: Developing Democracy or Foreshadowing the Cultural Revolution?".
	1月12日 Illustrated Vernacular News January 12, 1920, Ministry of Education proclaimed that from then on all the first and second year of primary education would use vernacular instead of literary language. Since the late Qing on, using vernacular language became common agreement. After the movement of written vernacular Chinese, this rather became an absolute trend, effectively throwing light on the enlightenment of common people. For details, you may refer to our research finding: Li Hsiao-ti, Lower Class Enlightenment in the Late Ch’ing Period: 1901-1911.
	1月13日 White Lotus Religion's Bowl December 22, 1883, the court ordered all the local officials must prohibited people from following the White Lotus or Eight Diagram Religion. White Lotus Religion has a long history in China. They arose many mass uprisings. In the Qing Dynasty, around the 1800 the religion again became a serious issue and exhausted the empire before the Opium War. Regarding the uprising you may refer to our research finding: Li Chien-min, "An Enquiry into the Causes of the 1976 Ahite-Lotus sect Uprising in Sichuan and Hubei".
	1月14日 China Merchant's Steam Navigation Company launched its business January 14, 1873, China Merchant's Steam Navigation Company was established. The company is an important part of the Self-strengthening Movement. It is in nature a Nationalized business run by private merchants, and contributed greatly to the early development of the marine transportation in China. For details you may refer to our Bulletin: LAI CH'I-KONG, "The Proposal to Nationalize the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 1878-1881".
	1月15日 The "Auspicious Grains" as auspicious sign for the Yongzheng Emperor January 15, 1916, Yuan Shikai ordered to protect the newly discovered "stone dragon" in Yichang, and the Historica should keep records of it. The so-called "stone iron" was mistaken by English tourists, taking stalactite to be fossils of dinosaur. It happened to be the time Yuan was intended to throne himself as Emperor, thus the local people used it as an auspicious sign of a new emperor for Yuan to please him. At that time, despite the geology just launched in China, the Chinese experts were knowledgeable enough to know that was not a fossil. Regarding the early stage of historical geology in China, you may refer to our research finding: Yang Tsui-hua, "Historical Geology in Republican China, 1912-1937".
	1月16日 Fushun Coal in the Early Republican Period January 16, 1946, the representative of receiving the Fushun coal was killed by the Russian Army. Fushun has a nick name of Coal Capital, which contained rich and high-quality coal, thus for a long time was coveted by Japan and Russia. After the World War II, Russia took over Japan to control the coal and refused to pass it to the Nationalist official. That's the cause of this tragedy. Regarding the details of the Fushun Coal's history, you may refer to our research finding: Chen Tzu-yu, "The Development of Fushun Coal Mines,1907-1931".
	1月17日 Middle-autumn quire from the Three Rare Hall which was lost in the Palace Museum in Beiping January 17, 1933, the central government decided to move the antiques of the Palace Museum southward. The collections of the Palace Museums are treasures of the world. Today Taipei's Palace Museum is one of the four greatest museum on earth. Regarding the museum's history, you may refer to our interviews with a president of the museum: The Reminiscences of Mr. Chiang Futsung.
	1月18日 Orthodox Transmission of the Emperor along the Dynasties (Qing painting) January 18, 1914, the National Government appointed the direct line of Confucius' descendent as the officiating priest of Confucius, and similar treatments to other Confucius sages such as Yan Hui's, Zeng Shen's, Zisi's, and Mencius' descendent. Along the dynasties, China has worshipped Confucius. Confucius serves as central figure of orthodox transmissions and scholarly transmissions. His role could hardly be overthrown simply with the fall of the imperial system. Before the Republican period, Qing intellectuals have thought over Confucianism and developed new thoughts, rather than simply following the past. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chang So-an, "The Critique of the “Orthodox Transmission” of Neo-Confucianism and The Re-formation of the Confucian Scholarly Transmission: A New Examination of Qing Scholarship".
	1月19日 Robbing for wedding when the filature recesses January 19, 1897, Chu Chengbo suggested to ask the leading governors to promote machinery silk factories so as to improve the domestic products to compete with imported silk goods. Silk used to be the major goods the rest of the world desired from China. However, along with the invention of new styled silk reeling, Chinese industry suffered serious threatening. This memorial aimed at enhance China's competence. This is an important issue in modern economic history, for details you may refer to our research finding: Chen Tsu-yu, The Silk Industry of Modern China, 1860-1945.
	1月20日 An English propaganda of the establishment of "Empire of Manchuria" January 20, 1934, Puyi announced that from March 1 on, “Manchu Empire" was to be renamed as "Great Empire of Manchuria". Equally controlled by Japan, in the early twentieth century, many Taiwanese went to Manchuria to seek for a career. Some of them stayed there after the WWII. This is also an "Taiwanese experience" worth memorizing. For details you may refer to our research finding: Hsu Hsueh-chi, Taiwanese Experiences in Manchuria during the Japan Occupation.
	1月21日 Chang Tung-sun's signature for a meeting of the Democratic Construction of Nation January 21, 1946, Chiang Kai-shek invited Chang Chun-mai and Chang Tung-sun for conversation. These two Changs once cooperated to organize a political party, but later departed. Besides, both occupied a certain status in intellectual history. Dr. Yap Key-chong in the Institute had a series of studies on these two scholars. The paper “‘Knowing is Living’: The Crux of Chang Tung-sun’s Early Epistemology as Revealed in his Debate with Chang Chun-mai” discussed the debates between them.
	1月22日 The prosperity in front of the Front Gate in the Qing Capital Beijing January 22, 1949, Fu Zuoyi, who defended Beiping, signed a peace concession agreement with CCP, and the Nationalist army retreated from the city so that the Communist army could seize the city without fighting. Since the late Qing, Beijing only suffered partial plunders during the second Opium War and the Eight Nation Alliance. Unlike many other cities in China, Beijing did not encounter decisive destructions in great wars, so that it could maintain the scene as an ancient capital in genreal. Regarding the image formation of Beijing as a Capital, you may refer to our research finding: Yu-chih Lai,“Picturing Empire: Illustrations of Official Tribute at the Qianlong Court and the Making of the Imperial Capital”.
	1月23日 They say in Buddhism that a woman who has aborted will fall into the Hell of Tiger in the next life January 23, 1973, the US highest court judged that women had the right of abortion. Abortion is a right or a guilt? There existed various ideas across time and culture. The debates reflected many issues of culture and value judgement. For relevant studies, you may refer to our publication: Wu Yen-chiu, "Western Abortion Law Imposed on Eastern Women: The Formation and Influence of Modern Abortion Laws in Taiwan and China".
	1月24日 Overseas Chinese supported Sun Yat-sen January 24, 1922, the Beijing authority established Bureau of Nationals living Abroad, echoing to the request of overseas Chinese. There is a saying: Overseas Chinese fostered the revolution. Other than that, overseas Chinese played active roles in various domain of the modern history. Regarding the development of the relevant affairs, you may refer to our interviews with Mr. Zhou Yongneng, who was deeply involved in the activities:   Records of interviews with Mr. Zhou Yongneng.
	1月25日 An Advertisement with Trade Mark of A Brush Pen Store in the Qing Period January 25, 1905, China first establish bureau of Trade Mark. China already used trade mark privately. However, establishing a bureau was influenced by the West. Above this ground, there is a certain foundation for processing conflicts about trade mark issues with foreign merchants. For details you may refer to our research finding: Ning Jennifer Chang, "Aspirin in China: Trade Mark Disputes between China’s Pharmaceutical Industry and I. G. Farben, 1936-49".
	1月26日 Great Powers were about to carve up China January 26， 1899， Russia proposed to Britain for negotiations regarding sphere of influences in China. China in late Qing was nearly carved up by Great Powers. It barely survived partly due to Great Powers' own policy considerations. For details you may refer to our Bulletin: Wang Shih-tsung, "Scramble for China: Lord Salisbury and British Policy in the Far East".
	1月27日 Complete Map of Chinese and Barbarians Unified by the Great Qing January 27, 1843, the Great Qing Gazetteer was revised up. Compiling gazetteer is an excellent tradition of China. Many geographic knowledge was accordingly preserved. Regarding the nature of the maps in the gazetteers, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Che-chia, “ The Maps of the Ming Gazetteers ”, in When Images Speak: Visual Representation and Cultural Mapping in Modern China.
	1月28日 A Cover of Lady's Magazine January 28, 1932, Japanese army attached Shanghai. This is later called 128 event. The battle continued for over a month. During the battle Japanese air force bombed and destroyed the Commercial Press. one of the results is some important journals stopped issuing. Lady's Journal is one of them. Lady's Journal is one of the most important journals for women in modern China. The institute once organized a conference specifically on the journal. The research results could be found in our Research on Women in Modern Chinese History 12, Special Issue on Journal of Women. Furthermore, we edited its complete table of contents, and produced a database to publicize on web, so that scholars could use them freely.( Ladies' Journal Database )
	1月29日 1st Naval Wing, Royal Thai Navy, made in Japan January 29, 1941, Thailand and Vietnam's conflicts came to an end due to Japan's mediation. one month later, Japan forced Vietnam to yield lands to Thailand. In the early half of the twentieth century, Thailand was close to Japan regarding to diplomatic affairs. In the case of Manchu of League of Nations, Thailand chose to abstention of the voting. Economically, it also became a ring of Japan's trade circle in Southeast Asia. For details you may refer to our research finding: Man-houng Lin, “Japanese Government and Taiwanese Investment in Southeast Asia, 1895-1945”.
	1月30日 A Matchbox broadcasting constitutionalism in the Late Qing January 30, 1910, the court ordered all the local yamen should establish a preparation unit for constitution. Since the Russian-Japanese War, the ideas of constitutionalism became hot and became an important issue of political ideas in the Late Qing period. For details you may refer to our research finding: Peter Zarrow, “Of Benefit to the Ruler, of Benefit to the People’: Official Discussions of Constitutionalism in the Late Qing”.
	1月31日 Old Shanghai Calendar: Elder Sister taught me to dance January 31, 1948, Shanghai's dancing girls and relevant employee, as many as 3000 people, petite for the exhibition of dancing. They destroyed the office of social bureau. About 400 people were arrested. Related to Kuomintang authority's suppressive attitude, Shanghai's entertainment business was flourishing during the Sino-Japanese War period. This phenomenon became a hot topic for the issue of "War and Culture". For details you may refer to our Bulletin: Feng Chi-hung, “War and Culture: Looking Back at the Last Decade of Historical Studies of the Culture of the Anti-Japanese War Period”.
	2月01日 Zheng Chenggong on battlefield February 1, 1662, Dutch East India Company‘s Chief of Taiwan formally surrendered to Zheng Chenggong. Zheng has various identity and thus has specific role in Chinese, Japanese, and Taiwanese history respectively. After all was he a loyal vessel to the Ming Dynasty, or a national hero? It is an issue continues to be discussed by historians. For relevant issue you may refer to our research finding: Wong Young-tsu, "A Case for Cultural Pluralism : Zhang Binglin’s Critique of Western Modernity".
	2月02日 Tiger Balm Advertisement February 2, 1941, Chongqing's New China' News highly praised Hu Wenhu for his "donating ten-millions for the Nation". Hu was known as a patriotic overseas Chinese. His fortune came from selling "Tiger Balm" by well using advertisement skills. His satellite business Singapore Daily was originally establishing for convenience of posting advertisements. Advertisement is an important symbol of the modern society. Despite the contents are often fabricated, it contains many touching information for the contemporary society. For details you may refer to our Bulletin: Huang K'o-wu, “The Medical Culture and Social Life in Shanghal: A Study Based on the Medicine Advertisements in Shen Pao, 1912-1926”.