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5月27日 Maritime War at the Tsushima Strait May 27, 1905, Japanese GF defeated Russian Baltic Fleet at Tsushima Strait. This news called the attentions of the whole world, and decided the results of the Russian-Japanese War. This is the first time for the Yellow people to defeat White people in the modern period, and stimulated Chinese regarding the thoughts to revive. For details you may refer to our Bulletin: Joshua Chung, "The Theory and Practice of Late Qing Theatrum Mundi: Stage Adaptations of Uncle Tom’s Cabin". | ||
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5月28日 Illustrated image of Mei Lanfang on stage May 28, 1930, Pomona College in California granted Mei Lanfang with honorary Ph.D. degree. Soon afterward South California University did so. Mei's performance was extremely popular and his fans' distribution beyond classes. The breadth of his influence was no less than many scholars. For example, Mao learned a lot about history from his dramas. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chak Chi-shing, "Mao Zedong’s Use of the History and Culture of the Ming Dynasty". | ||
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5月29日 Macao depicted by Portugese May 29, 1922, May 29 Incident happened in Macao. Due to a conflict between Chinese and Portugese, Portugese policemen suppressed demonstrated Chinese workers and caused about 200 victims. For this incident for a while a lot of Chinese emigranted to Mainland, and the population of Macao once decreased to less than 30% before the Incident. The background of this incident was the disagreement regarding Macao's Sovereignty since both China and Portugal overthrew monarch in the early 20th century. This problem was not solved until the late 20th century. Regarding China's negotiations about Macao, you may refer to our compiled archives: Special Archives on Macao. | ||
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May 30, 1925, Shanghai students demonstrated for Japanese capitalist's suppression of workers' strikes. They appealed to defeat imperialism and recover concessions, and caused British policemen's suppression, resulting in 13 Chinese students' death. This incident called the attention of the world, and caused important influences upon Sino-foreign relations afterwards. For details you may refer to our research finding: Li Chien-min, Anti-British Movement after the May Thirtieth Incident, 1925-1926. | ||
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5月31日 Japanese Propaganda on Tanggu Truce May 31, 1933, China and Japan signed up the Tanggu Truce. Because Zhang Xueliang failed in the battles in Rehe and Great Wars, both came to an agreement in Tanggu, as the cease-fire truce for the September 18. Since this agreement implies that China recognized it legal for Japan to occupy Manchuria and Rehe, later China had many opposite opinions. on the other hand, for this agreement Japan had the time to settle down in its newly conquered lands, and prepare well for the future wars in 1937. For details you may refer to our research finding: Hsieh, Kuo-hsing, "The Background and Meaning of Tangku Truce". | ||
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6月01日 Receipt for the Nationalist government to borrow food June 1, 1945, the Cess Office of the Department of Food was formally established. China used to stand on agriculture. Despite the situation changed in the modern period, the land tax was still an extremely important income for Chinese government before its successful modernization. Regarding this crucial turning, you may refer to our research finding: Lee Yu-ping, "From the Tax State to the Enterprise State: 'The Chinese Agricultural Economy Society's Critics toward the Nationalist Government's 'From Tax Country to Enterprise State--- Some Critics of China's Farmer Economic Association toward the Policy of Land Tax in Kind in Nationalist China during the late Second World War Period", in Collection of Articles on the Modernization of China. | ||
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6月02日 Circus performance from the West June 2, 1925, foreign fleet and Western merchants union defended Shanghai's public concessions with arms. China and foreign powers had conflicts and both had some victims. Afterwards foreign troops occupied the amusement pot. The Western-styled amusement pot in Shanghai already became a landmark in 1925. However, as the Western amusements were first introduced to China, they endured a process to become compatible with the traditional way. Regarding China's traditional leisure life right before the modern age, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Erh-min, The Cultural Life of the Common People during the Ming-Ch’ing Era. | ||
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June 3, 1840, Lin Zexu burned up a lot of opiums to proclaim China's resolution to prohibit drugs. This action led to the failure of opium war, whereas also become the forever symbol of China's firm policy of anti-drugs as well as anti-foreign aggressions Regarding China's activities in prohibiting drugs, you may refer to our oral history on a person who was involved in such business: Records of interviews with Mr. Zhong Boyi. | ||
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June 4, 1928, Zhang Zuolin's car encountered bombs when it advance near Huanggutun in Fengtian. Zhang passed away next day. This incident is broadly believed to be plotted by Japanese Army. Zhang occupied Manchuria and dealt with other warlords and Japan, Russia for a certain period. He was a key person to understand the Manchuria issues in the early Republican period. Regarding the Manchuria issues then, you may refer to our published materials: Historical Materials on Sino-Japan Relations：The Northeast Problem (4) (1921-1927). | ||
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6月05日 Incident of the great suffocation in tunnel June 5, 1941, due to the Japanese bombing, there happened an incident of great suffocation in tunne. The victims are as many as 30,000. In the wartime, common people were miserable. Other than the torture of moving, they also faced the threats of death. These are also common memories of many Chinese people in the modern period. For details you may refer to our oral history: 20th Century Wartime Experiences of Chinese Women: An Oral History. | ||
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6月06日 Posters for Taiwan Exposition in 1935 June 6, 1929, Xihu Exposition was opened. Exposition is a western invention. It could be useful in enlightening people, selling products, and demonstrating a nation's power. Therefore East Asian countries intimated to do so. For example, the 1935 Taiwan exposition is a successful case. Regarding missionary's introduction of the ideas of expositions into China, you may refer to our Bulletin: Wu Fang-cheng, "The Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Its “Exhibitions”". | ||
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6月07日 Poster of the Changchun Station by SMRC June 7, 1907, Japan ordered to have South Manchurian Railway Company established. SMRC was an important organization for Japan to invade China. However, its detailed survey turned out to become precious materials for studying modern Chinese history. For details you may refer to our research finding: Huang Fu-ching, "The Social Survey by the South Manchurian Railway Company-An Appraisal of Its 'Investigation Report on the Traditional Norms in Manchuria'". | ||
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6月08日 Coin issued by Muhammad Yaqub Bek June 8, 1872, Muhammad Yaqub Bek signed a treaty with Russia. Russia acknowledge his sovereignty in Xinjiang, in exchange he permit Russians to trade. If it were not the efforts of Zuo Zongtang, Xinjiang was already independent for long. Xinjiang is a cross road for multi folks. Its issues are quite complicated and thus its historical studies open to promising future. For details you may refer to our research finding: Wu Zhe, "Research on the History of Modern Xinjiang: A Survey". | ||
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6月09日 Cartoon on Provisional Constitution June 9, 1916, Sun Yat-sen sent a telegram to Li Yuanhong to appeal for restore the Provisional Constitution. The Provisional Constitution was set by Sun Yat-sen and other people in Nanjing after the 1912 revolution. It meant a lot in the history of China's constitution. For details you may refer to the results in our conference: Hu Chun-hui, "The Convocation of National Assembly and the Issues of Provisional Constitution“, in Collected Articles from the Conference on the History of State-building in the Decade Preceding the Sino-Japanese War, pp. 485-502. | ||
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6月10日 Yellow River broke in the Huayuankou Bike June 10, 1938, the Yellow River broke in the Huayuankou and other Bikes. Japanese tanks seriously suffered from this incident. Flood used to be a problem to Chinese people, however, this time it turned out to help defer the enemy. Water conservancy is important along the dynasties. Regarding the water conservancy in modern China, you may refer to our oral history: Records of Interviews with Mr. Dong Wenqi. | ||
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6月11日 Hu Die, who was broadly believed to have an intimate relationship with Dai Li June 11, 1946, the Nationalist government openly honored Dai Li, director of Department of Survey and Statistics in the Military Committee. Dai is a famous spy leader. Due to the speciality of his works, his stories are welcomed among common people. For details you may refer to the Institute's oral history for a lady worked for him: Interviews with Ms. Lan Min. | ||
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6月12日 Cantong trade in the era of Thirteen Factories June 12, 1837, Britain insisted to contact directly with Canton government without through the Thirteen Factories. The so-called factories were officially granted monopolized organization, attached with diplomatic tasks. Other than unwilling to directly deal with foreigners, another essential reason why Qing insisted the factories system was that the Imperial house could gain profits from them easier. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lai Hui-min, "From Gewu zhizhi to Kexue and Shengchanli: A Study of Knowledge Systems and Cultural Relationships from the Perspective of Intellectual History". | ||
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6月13日 Image of Shi Dakai （at the left bottom corner) in the Qing illustration June 13, 1863, Shi Dakai was captured. Shi is a famous general in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He was a great general in both talent and virtues. Therefore he was highly respected and left many legends after his death. For details you may refer to our research finding: Huang Chia-mu, "The Issues of Shih Ting-Chung's Fate". | ||
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6月14日 The Tongzhi Emperor received the audience of foreign embassies June 14, 1873, after prolonged negotiations, the Tongzhi Emperor permitted the audience of foreign embassies. The ritual issue used to be an essential conflicts in China's diplomatics with the West. This time the Tongzhi emperor did not insist kowtow, symbolizing Qing had been adjusting itself to the new situation. Regarding the early conflicts, you may refer to our Bulletin: Yu Po-ching and Huang Yi-long, "Heavenly Dynasty and Men from Afar: George Thomas Staunton and Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1793-1840", | ||
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June 15, 1900, The Boxers burned the Catholic outside the Xuanwu Gate, Beijing. Since the opium war, many missionaries entered China. From time to time religious affairs are involved in politics. This also reflect the cultural conflicts at that time. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lu Shih-chiang, "The uprising of Yu Tung-ch'en 1898-1899, an Anti-christian Movement in Szechwan on the Eve of the Boxer Catastrophe". | ||
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6月16日 Sun Yat-sen visited Huangpu military school June 16, 1924, San Yat-sen visited Huangpu military school and gave a speech. Huangpu military school coined the core of the nationalist army, and occupied an extremely important position in the modern military history. For details, you may refer to our oral history of a true Huangpu graduate: Interviews with Mr. Lo Yu-lun. | ||
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June 17, 1944, Japanese troops seized Xiangtan and caused the Third battles of Changsha. Again the nationalist armies remarkably won the victory. The success should be attributed to General Xue Yue. For his life you may refer our published historical material: General Xue Yue and the Nationalist Revolution | ||
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6月18日 Illustrations on a famous case of abducting woman in the early Republican era June 6, 1876, 2 arrested bandits who committed abduction confessed that it was the church asked them to do so. Abduction was a social issue stimulating social intentions. Generally the most concerned are the cases of kids or women. Regarding the management of abduction cases of women in the Qing dynasty, you may refer to our research finding: Lai Humin, Zhu Qingwei, "Women, family and society: A study of abduction and elopement cases in imperial China (1723~1741)". | ||
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6月19日 Frontier Outlaw helped the Japanese side in the Russin-Japanese War June 19, 1916, Gaiping, Haicheng, and other towns in Fengtian were captured by Frontier Outlaws. They were also nicked named as beard bandit, beard, or horse bandit. From the late Qing on, they were active in Manchuria, and exerted influences between China, Japan, and Russia. It was a special phenomenon in the modern history. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chao Chung-fu, "Frontier Outlaws in Manchuria, 1890-1930". | ||
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6月20日 Peasants and Mules civilizing the Manchurian land June 20, 1911, the court ordered to have the bureau of Manchuria Cultivation to be established. Manchuria used be the origin of the Qing dynasty, thus Chinese emigrant was strictly regulated. It was up to the late Qing the policy was changed and opened to emigrants. Until Japan controlled manchuria, Chinese emigrants were still the main force of its development. The manpower adding Japanese technology later formed an important strength to construct the post-War China. Regarding emigrant and Manchuria's construction, you may refer to our research finding: Chao Chung-fu, "Migrants and the development of agriculture in the three northeastern provinces (1920-30)". | ||
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6月21日 In the Religious Conflict in Tianjin people burned the church Late Qing Cartoon, June 21, 1870, Tianjin Massacre broke out. one of the most important "missionary incidents" of the late Qing Dynasty, involved attacks on French Catholic priests and nuns, violent belligerence from French diplomats, and armed foreign intervention in Tientsin (Pinyin 'Tianjin') in 1870. The incident marked an end to comparative cooperation between foreign powers and the Tongzhi Manchu court, and adversely affected the ongoing renegotiation of theTreaties of Tientsin, first signed in 1858.For details, refer to our publications: Lü Shih-chi'ang The Origin and Cause of the Anti-Christian Movement by Chinese Officials and Gentry, 1860-1874 and Archives on Missionary affairs and Missionary Cases | ||
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6月22日 Naval Battle of the Opium War June 22, 1840. The British Commander, Admiral George Elliot declared war on China. The defeat of the naval battle made China first recognized the power of Western technology. Developing the steamship became an important policy. For details, please refer to the first chapter of Lü Shih-ch’iang, "Early Steamship Management in China" and Wang Hsien-chun, "History Driven by Steam: The Steam Engine in Late Qing China, 1840-1890". | ||
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6月23日 1925, Bond of the Boxer Indemnity June 23, 1908, US announced to return part of the Boxer Indemnity to China. For details, see Wang Shu-huai, "The Boxer Indemnity" | ||
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6月24日 A slogan of the China’s birth planning policy. June 24, 1882, demographist Ma Yinchu was born. For the research on the population issue, see Kohama Masako, “The Beginnings of Birth Planning in Shanghai in the 1950s and 1960s” | ||
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6月25日 Propaganda Cartoon for Korean War June 25, 1950. The Korean war broke up. This war changed the power balance of the East Asia. For details refer to: Chang Su-ya, "Pragmatism and Opportunism：U.S. Taiwan Policy during tje Korean War"；Shen Zhihua ed., "The Korean War: Declassified Documents from Archives in Russia" | ||
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6月26日 Stamps used in the Chinese Communist’s “Middle Plain Emancipation Area” June 26, 1946. Kuomintang army attacked the Communists’ “Middle Plain Emancipation Area”.The civil war formally broke out. For details see: Hu Peing-sheng, "Hurried Travels: Chiang Kai-shek’s Two Northern Inspection Tours of 1947" | ||
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6月27日 The US Seventh Fleet maneuvers in the Taiwan Strait (1958) June 27, 1950, the US Seventh Fleet starts garrisoning the Taiwan Strait. For details refer to: Su-Ya Chang, “The Taiwan Strait Crises and U.S. Attitude toward 'Reconquering the Mainland' in the 1950s”; Su-Ya Chang, “Patterns of U.S. Policymaking with Respect to Taiwan in the 1950s” | ||
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6月28日 Meeting of the Ministry of Diplomacy: The solving method of not signing the treaty of peace. June 28, 1919, Chinese representative refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.For details see the Archive's collection and Historical Materials on Sino-Japan Relations：The Paris Peace Conference and the Shandong Problem (1918-1919) | ||
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6月29日 the Chinese Communist Party called on a strike in Guangdong June 29, 1925, the Chinese Communist Party called on a strike in Guangdong. one of the institute’s relevant studies is: “Foes or Allies: Merchants and Political Parties in the Canton-Hong Kong Strike of 1925”, by Li Ta-chia | ||
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6月30日 The Wusong Railroad started transport services June 30, 1876, The British merchant's Wusong Railroad started transport services. This is the first railroad in China. About the history of railroad in China, refer to:Chang Jui-te ，"Railroads in Modern China: Political Aspects of Railroad Administration, 1876-1937"，Wang Shu-hwai ，"Controversies over the Construaction of Railroad in China, 1859-1889" | ||
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7月01日 The Great Qing Bank's Convertible paper money July 1, 1908, The Qing government renamed the "Bank of Finance Ministry" to the "Great Qing Bank". This is the first central bank in China. About the history of Chinese finance, refer to: "Lin Man-houng ed. Public Finance and Modern History" | ||
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7月02日 Li Yuanhong's calligraphy July 2, 1917, because of the Manchu Restoration, Li Yuanhong, the Republic of China's President, escaped to the Japanese legation to seek for political asylum. For details please refer to our publication:Shen Yun-lung, "A Critical Biography of Li Yuan-hung" | ||
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7月03日 The official seal of the Imperial University of Peking with Manchurian and Chinese scripts July 3, 1898, Emperor Guangxu appointed Sun Jianai as Supervising Minister of the Imperial University of Peking was established. About the students of the University, you may refer to our publication:Fang Chao-ying ed."First edition of Records of Western learning students in the late Qing-early Republican period" | ||
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7月04日 George Washington crossing the Delaware July 4, 1776, the Continental Congresson adopted the Declaration of Independence, which announced that the thirteen American colonies were no longer a part of the Great Britain Kingdom. George Washington was appointed as commander in chief. This is one of the most influential event in human history. About its influence in China, see our colleague Pan Kuang-che's work “
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7月05日 Incense burner used in the Tiandihui ritual July 5, 1854, Chen Kai, leader of the Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth Society) of Guangdong, besiege Canton. Later he established the Dacheng State. About Tiandihui's activities in modern history, you may refer to our publication:Lu Pao-chien, An Analysis of the Rebel Government of the T'ien ti hui in South China | ||
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7月06日 Records of the National Revolutionary Army's Northern Expedition July 6, 1928, Chang Kai-shek hosted the memorial ceremony for the achieved Northern Expedition. To know more about the Northern Expedition, you may refer to our publications, such as Huang Chia-mo ed. General Bai Chongxi and the Northern Expedition | ||
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7月07日 Qi Baishi's "Seven Chicken" July 7, 1937, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out. It marks the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, about the national army, you may refer to Chang Jui-te, Anatomy of the Nationalist Army, 1937-1945 | ||
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7月08日 Bond of the Chinese Revolutionary Party July 8, 1914, Chinese Revolutionary Party was established in Tokyo. About the development of the Kuomindang in the early Republican period, you may refer to Lu Fang-shang, Rekindle the Revolution: The Kuomintang’s Response to New Thought before the Reorganization, 1914-1924 | ||
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7月09日 Three Principles for the People's Youth Corps's ID July 9, 1938, Three Principles for the People's Youth Corps was established in Wuchang. It is Kuomindang's youth organization and usually acted in the campus. About its organization and roles, you may refer to our publication:. Jiang Baolin, "The Kuomingtang Organization and the Struggle between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party at National Central University, 1927-1949 " | ||
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July 10, 1929, Zhang Xueliang used force to expel the Russian employees of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railways, and aroused the Sino-Soviet conflict (1929). About the wrestles between internationalism and nationalism reflected by the conflict, you may refer to our publication: Yu Miin-ling, "The Practice of Internationalism at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, 1925-1930" | ||
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7月11日 Postcard of Old Shanghai Race course July 11, 1860, the consuls of Britain, France, and United States announced that the people in these three countries' concessions would be governed by the "municipal committee". Foreign concessions brought considerable impacts to Chinese life style and various aspects of new culture. For example, you may refer to our research result: Chang Ning, "From Race Course to People's Square: Remapping the Shanghai Recreation Ground, 1946-1951" | ||
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7月12日 The building of Yangzi Custom located in Shanghai (Qing period) July 12, 1854, the new custom in Shanghai started functioning. This custom was supervised by the tax inspectors from Britain, France, and United States. It is the start of the foreigner to control Chinese tariff. For the reference about Chinese custom, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Tsun-wu, "A Brief Review of the Publications of the Chinese Maritime Customs, 1859-1949" | ||
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7月13日 Chen Jitang's calligraphy July 13, 1936, Tang Shaoyi, Wang Chonghui, Xu Chongzhi, and Sun Ke urged Chen Jitang to leave Guangdong to cease the Liang Guang Excigency by telegram. About the rise of Chen Jitang, you may refer to our oral history: Records of Interviews with Mr. Ma Chaojun | ||
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7月14日 Mob Storms of the Bastille July 14, 1789, the prison of Bastille was fell. The day is later chosen as the national day of France. About the French revolution's intellectual impact onto China, you may refer to out publication: Jin Guantao, “The Origin of Ideas: Conjecture and Proof-- A Review of The Modernity of "Revolution": on Chinese Revolutionary Discourse". | ||
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July 15, 1928, Committee of Abolishing Likin System was founded in Nanking. About the tax reforms in modern China, you may refer to our Economic Archives, as well as the research finding: Lin May-li, The Development of Western Taxation Systems in Modern China。 | ||
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July 16, 1909, Yuan Shuxun, Shandong's governer, requested to have the Historica to write a biography for the moral beggar Wu Xun. Wu Xun begged to accumulate fund to establish schools. The modern popular educational readers often transmit his story as a model. For relavant studies, you may refer to our publication: Liu Long-hsin, "The Popular Reading Publishing Company and Wartime Historical Writings, 1933-1940". | ||
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7月17日 Postcard about Germany's lease of Jiaozhou Bay July 17, 1898, China and Germany exchange the treaty of leasing the Jiaozhou Bay. About the affairs of this lease, you may refer to our publication: Special Archives on Jiaozhou Bay (1897-1912) | ||
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7月18日 Charging French Calvary in the Battle of Wörth July 19, 1870, Napoleon III declared war on Prussia. The Franco-Prussia War broke up. The Franco-Prussia War influenced the future competition's type among national states, including the For details you may refer to our publication: Hwang Jinlin, "The Production of the Militarized Body in China, 1895-1945". | ||
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7月19日 The Xiang Army recovered Jinling July 19, 1864, the Xiang Army captured the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. About the details of the Xiang Army, you may refer to our research findings: Wang Erh-min, “The Formation and Maintenance of the Military Cliques of the Hsiang Army". | ||
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July 20, 1881, because Empress Dowager Cixi's chronicle illness was completely healed, the court granted awards to Xue Fuchen and other physicians. To know more about the healing in the Qing palace, you may refer to our research findings: Chang Che-chia, "The Value and Limitation of the Medical Archives in the Qing Palace", etc. | ||
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7月21日 Certificate of Appointment of the Kota Medan, Java July 21, 1911, the office of Consul in general of Java was established. About the overseas Chinese and Indonesia, you may know more by referring to our publications: Chang Tsun-wu, Li Yu-ching, The Reminiscences of Mr. Chang Hsi-cheh | ||
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7月22日 Memorial coin of the establishment of Hunan constitution July 22, 1920, Tan Yankai, Commander-in-chief of Hunan, announced that Hunan was going to practice Self-government and establish its provincial constitution. About the details of Hunan's self-government, you may refer to our Tan Yankai Diary database, and the memorandum of Zhong Boyi, who attended the self-government movement. | ||
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July 23, 1868, Jiangnan Arsenal completed its first steamboat "Tianji". This is the beginning for China to produce military boats by herself. To know more about the establishment of Chinese arsenal industry, you may refer to our research findings: Wang Erh-min, The Rise of the Arms Industry in Late Ch'ing Era and Lei Ying. Memoir on Forty Years Ordnance Technology and Management. | ||
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7月24日 Office of the Kaiping Mining bureau July 24, 1878, Kaiping Mining bureau was formally established. Kaiping coal is one of the important construction in the Movement of Self-strengthening. Its purpose was to Wang Hsi, Negotiations between China and Britain over Mingning Rights in Kaiping. | ||
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7月25日 Japanese cruiser Naniwaku sank the Chinese troopship Gaosheng July 25, 1894, Chinese and Japanese navies encountered in the open sea near Fengdao of the Chosen kingdom. Japanese fleet sank Chinese troopship Gaosheng (rent from Britain), cruiser Guangyi, and captured gun ship Caijiang. The first Sino-Japanese War broke up. The result of this war announced the failure of Movement of Self-strengthening, and served as a milestone of China's fate and the Sino-Japanese relationship. For details of the post-war Sino-Japanese relationship, you may refer to our research finding: Collected Articles from the Third Conference on the Sino-Japanese Relations in the Last Hundred Years | ||
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7月26日 Astor House Hotel is one of the earliest places where lighted up electric lamps. July 26, 1882, Shanghai's Concession started using dynamo, and lighted up 15 electronic lamps in Astor House Hotel and other places. This is the beginning of using electric lamps in China. About the relevant history, you may refer to our research findings: Wang Shu-huai, "The Ying-lu Electric Light Company at Jiujiang: Self-Management and Reorganization, 1917-1937" and "Private Electricity Plants and Its Application to the case of the Kaiming Electrical Power Company". | ||
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7月27日 Telegram machine's model of the Qing period July 27, 1906, Yuan Shikai reported that the Beiyang Army had completed the preparation of wireless telegram. Yuan used to lay emphasis on controlling communication and transportation. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lin Ming-teh, Yuan Shikai and Korea. Furthermore, about the postal and telcommunication in Chinese history, you may refer to our publication: Records of Interviews with Mr. Yu Runsheng, Lai Hon Kei, "A Study of Postal and Telcommunication Services in the Early People’s Republic of China" | ||
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7月28日 Lottery of Successful Candidates' Surname July 28, 1881, the court prohibited Guangdong from gambling on the future successful candidate's surname. Gamble is a prevailing entertainment for Chinese people. It is related to both daily life and governmental finance. For relavant information you may refer to our research finding: Jennifer Chang's paper in The City and Chinese Modernity. | ||
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7月29日 Chinese team for praying for rain illustrated by foreigner. July 29, 1934, prohibited the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces from praising rain from deity. Even after the Republican period, the traditional religion still great influences in Chinese people. For details you may refer to our research finding: Li Hsiao-ti, "New Directions in 20th Century China: Viewed in the Light of Traditional Relations Between High Culture and Popular Culture". | ||
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7月30日 The Symbol of Los Angels Olympic Game July 30, 1932, the Olympic game in Los Angels was opened. This is the first time China attended the game. About the history of Chinese participation of Olympic, you may refer to our research findings: Chang Chi-hsiung, "The Republic of China's Struggle over its Name in the International Olympic Committee circa 1960" and "De jure and De facto Arguments in the Negotiations between the Republic of China and the International Olympic Committee: Naming in the Mexico Olympic Games, 1965-1968". | ||
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7月31日 Memorial stamp of Mr. Zhan Tianyou July 31, 1912, the Chinese government appointed Zhan Tianyou to assist the affairs of Yue-Han Railway. Zhan plays an important role in the history of Chinese railroad. About his life you may refer to our research finding: Ling Hung-hsun and Kao Tsung-lu eds. Zhan Tianyou and Chinese Raiways | ||
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August 1, 1941, Flying Tigers (American Volunteer Group) was formally set up in Kunming. Flying Tigers contributed significantly to the War against Japanese aggression. About the details of Flying Tiger, you may refer to our oral history: "Mr. Xu Kangliang's memory". | ||
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8月02日 Illustration of the Battle with Muslim at the Fort of Dali, Yunnan August 2, 1873, because the Yunnan Muslim Rebellion was completely pacified, the court granted governor Cen Yuying and other people who rendered great services. About the details of the Yunnan Muslim Rebellion, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Shuhuai, Muslim Uprisings of Yunnan during the Xianfeng and Tongzhi Reigns. | ||
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8月03日 Hand press on which the first issues of North China Harald were printed August 3, 1850, North China Herald was first issued. North China Herald is the first newspaper in the modern sense in Shanghai. It is also a very important material for modern history. one of the users is our research finding: Sun Huei-min, "The Introduction of the Western-style Lawyers in the Late Qing". | ||
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8月04日 The Japanese Chemical Soldiers in the Sino-Japanese War August 4, 2003, abandoned Japanese chemical weapons were excavated in Qiqihar and caused serious poison event. Chemical warfare is effective but highly controversial. Other than the Japanese, it was also rumored that US used the Japanese experimental results in the Korean War battlefield. Our relevant publication is: Ho Peng-yoke, "My Recognition of Joseph Needham and Science and CIvilization in China. | ||
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8月05日 Bai Lang passes the Qin area. August 5, 1914, the great bandit Bai Lang's troop was destroyed. Bandit is an important issue in the modern history, about this topic you may refer to our publication: Chen Yao-huang, "A review of Stephen C. Averill, Revolution in the Highlands." | ||
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8月06日 Illustrated Memory of Hiroshima A-Bombing August 6, 1945, US aircraft B29 dropped the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, and therefore changed the thoughts of warfare. Regarding the Kuomintang's attitude toward a-bom, you may refer to our research finding: Chen Yung-fa, "Book Review on Yang Tianshi's Seeking for the True Chiang Kai-shek: Interpreting the Diaries II". | ||
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8月07日 The August 7th Conference August 7, 1927, Chinese Communist Party gathered an emergent central meeting in Hankou, deciding the important guidelines including land revolution and military resistance against Kuomintang. Our viewpoint could be referred by Chak Chi-shing, "The Four-Staged Changes in Relation between the Chinese Communist Party and its Intellectuals, 1921-1949". | ||
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8月08日 Stamps issued by the old Tibet August 8, 1944, Dr. Shen Zonglian, as Director of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission's Office in Tibet, arrived in Lhasa. Shen had academic background and was one of the few people in the Nationalist government who had practical understanding of Tibetan issue. During his residency in Lhasa, the relationship between Nationalist government and Tibet became better. However, Tibet would rather preserved its autonomy and maintained an equal distance from China and Britain. About the sophistication of Tibetan issue around that time, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Jui-te, "A 'Royal' Mission: Shen Zonglian in Tibet, 1943-1946". | ||
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8月09日 General Gordon's Last Stand August 9, 1880, Charles George Gordon, Commander of the "Ever Victorious Army" left China. In 1884 he died in Sudan in a battle. Gordon received the highest military rank of Capital General for his achievements in the Taiping Rebellion. He had also contributed to the Self-strengthening Movement. For the details you may refer to our research finding: Lu Shih-chiang, Ding Richang and Self-strengthening Movement, pp. 41-47. | ||
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August 10, 1944, the name of Yicheng county in Hubei was changed into Zizhong, in memorial of General Zhang Zizhong who laid down his life to the country. Although General Zhang is famous today for his loyalty, for a certain period of time he was accused as No. 1 Hanjian. Hanjian is a sophisticated issue, about its discussions you may refer to our research findings: Luo Jiu-jung, " Historical Situations and the Emergence of Hanjian during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945: the Case of Zhengzhou in 1941" | ||
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8月11日 The first batch of boy students abroad August 11, 1872, the first batch of boy students departed for studying in US. Most of these boys studied practical learning or statecraft, and contributed to the modernization of China. For details you may refer to our database: Qing-era Statecraft Collection. | ||
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8月12日 Poster for the Tenth Anniversary of Cultural Revolution August 12, 1977, the 11th National Congress of the Communist Part of China was held in Beijing, which announced the termination of Cultural Revolution. The revolution is a great disaster. About the interpretation you may refer to our publication: Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, "Coping with the Cultural Revolution: Contesting Interpretations". | ||
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8月13日 The national flag on the Sihang Warehouse in battle August 13, 1937, Nationalist Army attacked Japanese in Shanghai, the Battle of Shanghai broke out. This battle endured for 3 months, which is one of the bloodiest fights in the Second SIno-Japanese War. For details of the battle, you may refer to our interviews of the participants: Records of Interviews with Mr. Xu Qiming; Records of Interviews with Mr. Lao Shenghuan. | ||
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8月14日 How Many Lands have the Russian Bandit Seized from Us? August 14, 1945, Chinese representative Wang Shijie signed "China-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in Moscow, recognizing the independence of Outer Mongolia. About this treaty and the issue of Mongolia's independence, you may refer to our digital database "Wang Shijie's Diary" and Lee Yu-shu, On the Withdrawal of Outer Mongolia. | ||
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8月15日 The Phonograph Record recording Hirohito's Announcement of Unconditional Surrender August 15, 1945, Japanese Mikado Hirohito announced the Unconditional Surrender of Japan with broadcast. Broadcast is a powerful media and is broadly used in modern history. About the application of broadcast, you may refer to our research findings: Yu Miin-ling, "Learning from the Soviet Union:Chinese Communist Propagandaand Its Effects". | ||
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8月16日 Illustration of the Battles of Pacifying the Nian Bandit August 16, 1868, Liu Mingchuan and other generals destroyed the Nian Rebellion's last troop in Shandong. The Nian leader Zhang Zongyu drowned in the river and the rebellion was completely pacified. About the history of pacifying the Nian Rebellion, you may refer to our research finding: Lee En-han, "Concerted Campaigns and Factional Conflicts of the Hunan and Anhui Armies, 1865-1868". | ||
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8月17日 Logo of Tsing hua College August 17, 1928, the nationalist government reformed Tsing hua College into Tsing hua University. Tsing hua is an important university for modern advanced education. About the reform and early history of the university, you may refer to our research findings: Su Yun-feng, From Tsing hua Imperial College to Tsing Hua University; and Su Yun-feng, Tsing hua University before the Sino-Japanese War, 1928-1937. | ||
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8月18日 Chiang Kai-shek questioning Japanese instructor in Taiwan's elementary textbook August 18, 1898, the court requested governors of all provinces to select students to study in Japan for future achievements. These students left enormous influences in modern China's politics, military affairs, and culture. For details you may refer to our research findings: Huang Fu-ching, Chinese Students in Japan in Late Qing Period. | ||
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8月19日 The Acceptance of Surrender when Qianlong Conquered Yili August 19, 1881, Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) was exchanged in St. Petersburg. Thanks to the efforts of Zeng Jize, the loss in Yili was reduced. Yili occupied a rather important strategic location, Russia also did a lot of works regarding the negotiations. About the Russian documents for this treaty, you may refer to our collected materials: The Russian Documents about the Yili negotiaions. | ||
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8月20日 "Bear" on a Pidging English word card August 20, 1862, Prince Gong proposed the regulation of Tongwenguan (School of Combined Learning) to the court. School of Combined Learning was mainly teaching foreign languages, but also instruct Westren Learning. Studying foreign languages and translation is the foundation of learning from the West, our institute has quite a few studies on these topics, you may refer to: Wang Shu-hwai, "The Unification of Translated Terms in Late Ch'ing Period" and Huang Ko-wu, "Beginning a New Career in Translation: Yan Fu at the Northern Naval College". | ||
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8月21日 One of the Lam Qua Portrait left by Peter Parker August 21, 1857, US embassy Peter Parker left China for US. Parker was originally a medical missionary. Later he helped as the main interpreter of theTreaty of Wanghsia, and gradually became involved in diplomacy. Later he was appointed as US Embassy in China. His situation toward China was the hawks and once proposed the US to occupy Taiwan, on the other hand he cared to heal Chinese patients. The Lam Qua Portraits record the Chinese patients he encounters. These were said to be for raising funds from the philanthropists in US. About the relation between US and Taiwan in the Qing dynasty, you may refer to our research findings: Huang Chia-mo, The United States and Taiwan, 1784-1895. | ||
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8月22日 Poster for propagandizing Japan-Korea Annexation August 22, 1910, Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty became effective, Korea became a part of the Japanese Empire. The ease of annexing Korea also influenced Japan's future policy toward China. About the causation you may refer to our research finding: Huang Tzu-chin, "From '21 Demands' see Yoshino Zakuzo's ideas of Japanese interests in China". | ||
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8月23日 A Propaganda sent to Jinmen during the 823 Artillery Bombardment August 23, 1958, the 823 Artillery Bombardment took place. Within 44 days, Communist army shot 475 thousand artillery shells, but the nationalist army still successfully defended Jinmen. About this important battle, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Su-ya, "The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and “Return to the Mainland” Propaganda". | ||
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8月24日 Poster of "United Nations Fight for Freedom" August 24, 1945, Chiang Kai-shek ratified the United Nation Charter. China formally became a member of United Nations. About the interactions between Nationalist government and United Nations, you may refer to our interview of General Wen Haxiong, who worked in China's Military General Staff in United Nations: Records of Interviews with Mr. Wen Haxiong. | ||
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August 25, 1883, Vietnam signed Treaty of Hu e with France, recognized a protectorate over Annen and Tokin and disconnected its traditional links with China. France immediately announced to expel the "Black Flag Army" from Vietnam. About the relations between China and Vietnam in the Late Qing, you may refer to our research findings: Shiu Wen-tang, "Transition in the Diplomatic Relations between the Qing and the Nguyen Dynasties during the Nineteenth Century". | ||
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8月26日 Daewongun had an audience with the Korean King August 26, 1882, the Chinese commissioner Wu Changqing and Ma Jianzhong seized Heungseon Daewongun, Yi Ha-eung in Seoul, and sent him to Tianjin for prison next day. Ma is an important official of foreign affairs as well as a linguist in late Qing. About his ideas of international affairs, you may refer to our research finding: Chen San-ching, "A Brief Introduction of the Diplomatic Thought of Ma Jianzhong". | ||
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8月27日 The Daoguang Emperor Imagined by the British August 27， 1839, Lin Zexu reported his draft of the letter to Queen Victoria as Ultimatum, the Daoguang Emperor approved it and asked Lin to submit as drafted. This letter appealed to rational threats, emphasizing China would cut of the supplies of tealeaves and rhubarb, which Chinese believed British could not live without, if Britain continued selling opium. This was a misunderstanding, however, backing on such false comprehension for certain victory, China eventually lost in the Opium War. For the details you may refer to our research finding: Chang Che-chia, “The Myth of Rhubarb: The Strategic Rationale and Cultural Implications of China's Prohibitions on the Export of Rhubarb to Britain and Russia in the Qing Period". | ||
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8月28日 A Cartoon on the Open Door Policy August 28, 1898, U.S. Secretary of State John Milton Hay proposed the Open Door Policy. This policy's original purpose was to protect U.S. commercial interests in East Asia, but also preserved China from carving up by the Powers. About the Open Door Policy you may refer to our research findings: Wang Kang-ling, "The US Open Policy in the 1911 Republican Revolution", in Collected Articles from the Conference on the 1911 Republican Revolution. | ||
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8月29日 Chinese negotiator visit to Hong Kong for exchanging the signed Treaty of Nanking August 29, 1842, China and Britain signed Treaty of Nanjing. Treaty of Nanjing is a milestone of modern history. There are already fruitful studies from the political aspects. Nowadays scholars developed new approaches to enrich its studies. For example, you may refer to our publication: Uganda Sze Pui Kwan, "Translation and Resolving Conflict: The First Opium War Interpreter of the British Empire, Samuel T. Fearon (1819-1854)". | ||
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August 30, 1864, the Court permitted to have International Law translated by William Alexander Parsons Martin to be published. In the beginning, many basic ideas in the judicial system were slim in China, it took time to build up. For example, about the process of establishing the essential concept of "rights", you may refer to our publication: Jin Guantao and Liu Qingfeng, "Evolution of the Concept of "quanli"(rights) in Modern China - From Late Qing to La Jeunesse". | ||
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8月31日 Chen Duxiu and the editors of New Youth August 31, 1945, the political position of New Youth changed. Chen Duxiu started expressing his insistence upon communism. About the ideas of the journal, you may refer to our research findings: Chang Yu-fa, "The Ways of Dealing with News and Press Opinions in the New Culture Movement Period, 1915-1923". | ||
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September 1, 1923, the Great Tokyo Earthquake caused great suffering. Wang Yiting, a Shanghai merchant, painter, and philanthropist, strived to appeal to relieve the people in disaster. Japanese thus called him "Bodhisattva Wang". From here we could see the private friendship between the Chinese and Japanese people contrast to the political tension. For details you may refer to our research finding: Paul Katz, "The Religious Life of a Famous Shanghai Merchant and Philanthropist, Wang Yiting" （as a paper in Wu Jen-shu, Paul Katz, and Lin May-li, eds., The City and Chinese Modernity). | ||
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9月02日 US Poster on the Victory over Japan in the WWII September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies and US on board USS Missouri, marking the close of WWII. General Xu Yongchang, representative of Republic China of the Allies, witnessed this historical moment. For details of the scene you may refer to our digital database: Xu Yongchang Diary. | ||
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9月03日 Bear Mandarin Square for the Fifth Rank Officer September 3, 1886, the court ordered to update the Great Qing huidian. Huidian is a traditional style official collections of codes of laws and institutions. It is an essential source for understand the principles of the institutions and bureaucracy, as for the practical functions it requires other materials to compensate. About the personnel affairs, our research finding: Wei Xiumei, Tables of Official Titles in the Late Qing Period and its index in our Full Text Database serve as very important reference: | ||
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September 4, 1832, Missionary Robert Morrison reported to the society that Liang (A)fa's The Benevolent Words to Advise the World was published. Liang is the first Chinese pastor and the first Chinese journalist. He helped Morrison to translate the Bible and to compile the earliest Chinese-English dictionaries. He published several journals and pamphlets to advocate Christianity. For example, The Benevolent Words to Advise the World later stimulated Hong Xiuquan to launch the Taiping Rebellion. About the missionary's education and publication in China, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Shu-huai, "Christian Educational Associations and their publishing businesses". | ||
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9月05日 Poster: The Brightness of the Sun Defeated the Gloomy Bears September 5, 1905, Japan and Russia signed Treaty of Portsmouth. The Russian-Japanese War came to an end. Russia passed all the rights of the Southern Manchuria to Japan. The influential spheres in Manchuria were thus redefined. About Japan's further plotting in Manchuria from then on, you may refer to our research finding: Lin Min-teh, "Japanese Expansion in Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War" | ||
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9月06日 Japanese Army Seized Vladivostok September 6, 1918, Chinese government signed on the Mutual Defense Agreement of Sino-Japanese Armies, arranging to send troops to Siberia in order to echo to the changing situation after the fall of the Russian Empire. For details you may refer to our published historical sources: Historical Materials on Sino-Russian Relations：The Siberian Expedition(1917-1919). | ||
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9月07日 Li Hongzhang Signing the Peace Treaty with the Great Powers September 7, 1901, the Qing Empire signed the Boxer Protocol with the Allien of Eight Nations. The Great Powers had considered Empress Dowager Cixi to be the No. 1 war criminal. However, through Li Hongzhang's efforts, Cixi was waived in the Protocol. Even though, Her war responsibilities still exist in Chinese common people's historical memories. For details you may refer to our research finding: Wong Young-tsu, "Memory and History: A Case Study of the Empress Dowager Cixi". | ||
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9月08日 Nazi German V-2 Rocket attacking London September 8, 1944, the German secret weapon V-2 Rocket first attacked London and caused serious damages. This new weapon did not save Nazi from destruction though, it marks a milestone for military type as well as aerospace expedition of the human beings. About the rocket technology's development, you may refer to our publication: A Life in Study: The memoirs of Han Kwangwei, Academicians’ memoirs Series. | ||
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9月09日 Okamura Yasuji, Japanese commander-in-chief in China, surrendered to China September 9, 1945, Japan formally surrendered to China. Chiang decided to renounce the right to ask compensation from Japan. His policy considerations are analyzed by our research finding: Huang Tzu-chin, “Chiang Kai-shek in the East Asia: The Origins of the Policy of Magnanimity toward Japan after World War II”. | ||
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9月10日 Yanghui Hall, the original site of Liu Rong's on Habits" September 10, 1866, Liu Rong, general of the Xiang Army, was dismissed from the post of Shaanxi Governor. Liu Rong is an important New-Confucian scholar, Tongcheng school writer, and Zeng Guofan's close friend. His on Habit" illuminates the importance of the starting stage of learning. It is still a prevailing essay to the contemporary reader. About Liu's life, you may refer to our research finding: Wei Hsiu-mei, A Chronological Biography of Liu Jung. | ||
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9月11日 River Magpie" was domestically refitted from the British-made aircraft "Xiamen" September 11, 1933, Chen Wenlin from Xiamen Naval Air Force drove airplane "River Magpie" from Xiamen to Nanjing, as the start of his nationwide flight, which was unprecedented. About the early stage of China's aviation, you may refer to our research finding: Chen Tsun-kung, "The Early Growth of the Chinese Aviation(1906~1929)". | ||
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9月12日 Cixi and the Tongzhi Emperor Playing Go September 12, 1869, Ding Baozhen, Governor of Shandong, executed An Dehai, a powerful eunuch who violating the prohibition of leaving the Capital. It is generally believed that this event was a result of political wrestles between Cixi and her son the Tongzhi emperor. However, Cixi did not revenge Ding. Instead, she promoted him to the General Governor of Sichuan later. About Ding's achievements in Sichuan, you may refer to our research finding: Chang Chiu-wen, "Ding Baozhen's Management of Tibetian Affairs during His Office as Governor-General of Sichuan". | ||
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9月13日 A Qing clocked in the shape of Japanese styled roof September 13, 1871, Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty was signed in Tianjin. This treaty officially resumed the two countries trade though, actually during the Edo locking-state period, commodities had kept on exchanging. A few Japanese products were welcomed in the Qing market and even the palace, such as lacquer ware and iron ware. For details, you may refer to our research finding: Lai Hui-min, "Japanese Products and Everyday Life in Suzhou, 1736-1795". | ||
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9月14日 The Banners Celebrating the New Year September 14, 1898, the Qing court released the rule of prohibiting the Banners from running business. Since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, it had been regulated that the banners could only serve the court or army. They were neither necessary nor allowed to make their own livings. The state would supplied their livelihood. However, along with the decline of the state's finance, the policy was modified. This modification also marks changes of ethnical relations. For more in-depth analysis you may refer to our research finding: Lai Hui-min, “An Iron Rice Bowl? The Households and Livelihoods of Sin Jeku Jetere Aha in the Imperial Household Department in Late Imperial China”. | ||
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9月15日 Locomotive of Taiwan's Sugar Railways in the Early Twentieth Century September 15, 1907, the first sugar railway started transportation services. Sugar used to be a crucial industry in Taiwan. The construction of sugar railway suggests its importance in Taiwan's economy. Along with the building of the railway, the ways of movements of people as well as things changed, accordingly further stimulated Taiwan's vitality. For more advanced study of sugar and other economic plants' role in Taiwan's economy, you may refer to our research finding: Lin Man-houng, The industries of tea, sugar, and camphor and socio-economic change of Taiwan, (1860-1895). | ||
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9月16日 Lawyer's License issued in 1913 September 16, 1912, "Temporary Statutes for Lawyers" was announced. only the excption of Cao Rulin, who worked in the President's office in Beijing, won the no. 1, all the lawyer's licenses were issues after this date. The rise of lawyers marks a milestone of China's advancement toward Western styled law-governed state. For more in-depth analysis, you may refer to our research finding: Sun Hui-min: Institutional Transplantation: The Chinese Lawyers in Republican Shanghai(1912-1937) | ||
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September 17, 1928, the nationalist government declared to establish provinces in Inner Mongolia and Tibet regions' Rehe, Chahar, Suiyuan, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xikang. Originally the Chinese revolution announced to "expel the barbarians and restore China", but later the slogan turned out to become "Five Races under one Union". How to succeed the multi-ethnical heritage left by the Qing Empire became an important issue to the later Chinese governments. The establishment of these provinces was one of the nationalist government's relavant efforts, however, it did not effect until the PRC. For more in-depth analysis about this issue, you may refer to our research finding: Wu Zhe, "Ethnic Autonomy versus Centralization —How Beijing Integrated “Regional National Autonomy” into the State in the 1950s ". | ||
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9月18日 Postcard about Mukden Incident September 18, 1931, Japanese army claimed that Chinese army destroyed a section of the Southern Manchurian Railway, then attacked the Northern camp in Mukden and after all occupied the whole Manchuria within a short time. This incident agitated the Sino-Japanese relations and made the Japanese Eagle wing to have a better position, finally lead to the Second Sino-Japanese War. About the details you may refer to our oral history: Records of interviews with Mr. Wang Tiehan. | ||
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September 19, 1944, China Democratic League was established in Chongqing. CDL is an active political party rising in the Sino-Japanese War period. It played a crucial role in the Nationalist-Communist conflicts, and still a party in PRC. Regarding a more in-depth analysis of its role in the Nationalist-Communist negotiations, you may refer to our research finding: Chen Yi-shen, "Liberalism under the Kuomintang-Communist Conflict, 1941-1949". | ||
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September 20, 1912, Yuan Shikai, ruler of China then, announced that the whole state should respect Confucianism, and followed Confucian morals such as filial piety. Filial Piety has been considered the foundation for individual as well as ruling the state. To explore more about this cultural phenomenon, you may refer to our research finding: Lu Miaw-fen, Ruling All under Heaven with Filial Piety：The Xiaojing in Late Imperial China. | ||
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9月21日 What the Guangxu Emperor could do was to write down his illnesses September 21, 1898, a coup d'Etat took place, Empress Dowager Cixi prisoned the Guangxu Emperor at Yingtai and seized the power. The emperor's reforms were almost completely abolished. Despite it was broadly believed the cause of the coup d'Etat was Yuan Shikai revealed the emperor's conspiracy to confine the empress dowager leniently, it was true that the emperor's new policies were too close to the foreigners, which alarmed the conservative wing. For a more in-depth analysis regarding the reform and foreigners, you may refer to our research finding: Wang Shu-hwai, Foreigners and the Wu-hsu Reform Movement. | ||
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9月22日 Illustration for introducing parliament of the world September 22, 1910, the court announced the detailed regulations of Consulting Yuan. Consulting Yuan was a preparatory institute for future parliament in the late Qing constitutional reform movements. However, for various reasons, the parliament did not commence until the Republican period. For a more in-depth analysis you may refer to our research finding: Chang Yu-fa, Constitutionalists of the Late Ch’ing Period: An Analysis of Groups in the Constitutional Movement, 1895-1911. | ||
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9月23日 Li Hongzhang visited Hogan's Alley in 1896 September 23, 1884, Li Hongzhang was granted the post of Grand Secretariat, Governor-in-general of Zhili, and Minister of Northern Ocean. This is the peak of Li's fame and power. Li was the most internationally well-known Chinese figure in Late Qing. He was praised by Stephen Grover Cleveland, President of United States, as one of the four greatest men in the world. He also had deep influences on China's diplomacy. About his diplomatic thoughts and practices, our institute has refined case studies: Wang Si, Li Hongzhang and Sino-Japanese Treaties. | ||
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9月24日 Buddhist monks also joined the battle filed nursing services of the Red Cross September 24, 1914, "Statute of Red Cross (in China" was issued. Red Cross is a worldwide humane organization. China also joined it in late Qing. Red Cross contributed to the injured soldiers in various battle fileds in the twentieth century. About its role in the Sino-Japanese War, you may refer to our publication: Chang Chien-chiu, "The Field First Aid System during the Sino-Japanese War ── The Medical Relief Corps of the China Red Cross". | ||
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9月25日 Vietnam in Japan's ideal landscape of "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere" September 25, 1940, Japanese army took Lang Son. Ten months later, France acknowledged Japan's military control of Vietnam. This military action was not only for cutting off Nationalist government's oversea connections, but also grasping the rich natural resources in Southeast Asia. It was a part of Japan's design of "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere". About the wrestling among China, Japan, and France in Vietnam during the WII, you may refer to our research finding: Shiu Wentang, "Negotiations and Conflicts over Vietnam among China, France and Japan during the Second World War". | ||
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9月26日 Chinese image recorded by Macartney Embassy September 26, 1792, Marcartney Embassy launched its journey to China. This is the earliest embassy between China and Britain in the modern history. However, the Qianlong Emperor still considered Britain as barbarian. His arrogance aroused the delegation's animosity, such as George Thomas Staunton. He later promoted to declare war toward China. About the up-to-date research about the Sino-Britain relationship before the Opium war, you may refer to our publication: Yu Po-ching‧Huang Yi-long, "Heavenly Dynasty and Men from Afar: George Thomas Staunton and Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1793-1840". | ||
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9月27日 China fought with France in front of the Fuzhou dock September 27, 1867, the Fuzhou dock was established. This is the first as well as largest new-styled dock in the Qing Dynasty. Its related naval school educated many persons with abilities in the modern history. It was founded by Zuo Zongtang, and was a representative institution in the self-strengthening movement. About Zuo's contribution to the movement, you may refer to our research finding: Lee En－han，“Tso Tsung-t'ang's View on Statecraft”. | ||
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9月28日 The Kangxi Emperor's Sacred Edict September 28, 1899, the court ordered the provinces to preach The Sacred Edict on the Civilian Teachings. The Sacred Edict on the Civilian Teachings was formally issued by the emperor, so as to teach the people what the normal of righteous behavior was. However, it was not only a teaching from the government to people, practically, when local gentry protested, they would utilize The Sacred Edict on the Civilian Teachings as a tool for their negotiations with the government. For more in-depth analysis, you may refer to our research finding: Han Seunghyun‧Liao Jenn-wang, trans.， “Protest under “Rule by Culture”: The 1799 Suzhou Literati Protest and the Imperial Response”. | ||
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9月29日 Custom Duty's Independency Issue in Elementary school's textbook September 29, 1928, Ministry of Diplomacy claimed that from next year on, China could decide its custom duty. Since the opium war, China lost its right to manage custom duty and thus caused serious loss in trade. The relevant research you may refer to our publication: Tang Chi-hua, “The I.G. in the Peiyang Period: A Preliminary Study of Francis Aglen”。 | ||
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9月30日 The site of the battlefield of Pingxing pass September 30, 1937, the battle of Pingxing Pass came to an end. PRC history highly advocates this battle as "Great Victory of Pingxing Pass" and was the most important victory during the Sino-Japanese War. Through analyzing the formation of this historical image, it would help to understand the nature of PRC's discourse. For details you may refer to our research finding: Chak Shi-shing, "Collective Memory vs. Historical Truth:The Construction of the So-Called Great Victory at Pingxing Gate and Its Later Deconstruction". | ||
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10月01日 Founding Ceremony of PRC October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong claimed the founding of PRC. The Divided rule across the Taiwan Straits formally took shape. The modern history thus advanced to a new stage. About the newest studies of this period, you may refer to our research finding: Yu Miin-ling ed., Divided Rule across the Taiwan Straits: Educational Reorganization, Visual Propaganda, and Ethnic Politics. | ||
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10月02日 Late Qing domestic govrnment bond October 2, 1908, the court claimed to try issuing domestic government bonds. Government bond is a financial tool developed in the West. Chinese society took a long time to learn to accomodate its effects. For details you may refer to our publication: Lai Hon Kee, " Government Bonds and Social Conflict: A Study of the People’s Victory Bonds in Guangzhou, 1950". | ||
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10月03日 Late Qing police uniforms October 3, 1908, police school was established. About the early situation of the police system you may refer to our oral interviews: Records of Interviews with Mr. Chen Meiquan. | ||
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10月04日 Marshal Cen led to recover Beijing in the night October 4, 1884, the court pushed Cen Yuying to join the anti-French war in North Vietnam. After the Taiping Rebellion, governors had greater power and independency. Even in wars they might not lessen to the court, and have their own judgments about diplomacy and warfares. More than Cen Yuying, Zhang Zhidong was a representative. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lee Kuo-chi, Chang Chih-tung's Foreign Policy. | ||
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10月05日 A late Qing battle ship which cruised the Southern China Sea to confirm China's sovereignty October 5, 1909, Governor in general of Canton and Guangxi, Yuan Shuxun, signed an agreement with Japan about the sovereignty of the Dongsha island. Modern China lost territories one after another, however, the Southern China Sea islands are the few that China confirmed its sovereignty over international treaties. Yuan had been posted governors over several provinces. His family reserved letters from famous figures in the modern history, which had importance as history as well as art. The institute not only published the hard copy of the book, but also made database and e-book for public viewing: E-Book | ||
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10月06日 Haiyan Hall, Yuanming Garden, which used to be equipped with 12 animal's head water clock October 6, 1860, British-French joint troop defeated the Qing army at the northwest suburb of Beijing. Then French people took Yuanming garden and started violent rubbery and destructions. Yuanming garden is the most symbolic garden in the Qing history. Its rapture marks deeply in Chinese historical memory. About the history of the garden, you may refer to a report of our research finding: Wang Jung-tzu, "Qing Emperor's Paradise and Lost Paradise", in Hsiung Ping-chen and Lu Miaw-fen, Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy and Human Desires: Post / Modernity in Late Imperial Chinese Culture. | ||
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10月07日 Pond Salt manufacture in traditional China October 7, 1911, the court promote the office of salt administration to Ministry, and appointed Minister of Finance to take charge of it. Salt administration used to be an essential issue in traditional economy. From the ancient time salt had been listed as the state's monopoly business. About the research on salt administration in traditional China, please refer to our research finding: Yang Jeou-yi, "Defining Features of the Qing Salt Monopoly: An Institutional Analysis". | ||
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October 8, 1895, under the pressure of Russia, Germany, and France, Japan was forced to sell the Liaodong Penisula back to China. This event humiliated Japan, and also pushed Russia and Germany to accelerate their aggressive actions toward China. For details you may refer to our research finding: Lee Kuo-chi, “Sino-German Negotiations on the Lease of Harbors after the Return of Liaotung Peninsula and G. Detring's Recommendations to the German Government”。 | ||
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10月09日 Inside of the Wenyuan Cabinet that preserved one of the 7 copies of Siku quanshu October 9, 1920, Zhu Qiqian was appointed to be in charge of the affair of printing Siku quanshu (Complete Books of Four Treasures). It is broadly known that the compilation of the set was important to history of books, however, its printing in the modern period had further implications in identity and cultural politics. About this point, one of our research findings has an innovative exploration. For details, see : Lin Chih-hung, "Old Documents, New Identities: The Siku Quanshu and Cultural Politics in Republican China". | ||
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10月10日 Great People's Portraits in the 1911 Revolution October 10, 1911, Xinhai Revolution broke up in Wuchang. This event eventually ceased the Qing Empire and establish Republic of China. Our institute's research finding about the Xinhai revolution, could be detailed in Collected Articles from |
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